Anatomy Lab Exam 2

Hyaline cartilage

- most common

- location: end of long bones, respiratory stuctures, embryonic skeleton

elastic cartilage

external ear, epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

Bone tissue

Most rigid connective tissue, Internally supports body structures, very active tissue, heals much more rapidly than cartilage

Osteoblasts

bones making cells

osteoclasts

cells that break down bone

intramembranous ossification

Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle in fetus

Thickens long bones throughout life

endochondral bone formation

bone tissue replaces a cartilage model of a bone; most bones form in this fashion

epiphyseal plates

Plates which allow for growth of long bone during childhood.

osteoprosis

a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily

Parts of long bone

epiphysis, epiphyseal line, diaphysis, compact bone, spongy, periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity

periosteum

- outer membrane of bone

- provides place for tendons and ligaments to attach to bone

Compact Bone = Cortical Bone

- dense, outsides of bones

- strong, rigid

Spongy Bone = Trabecular Bone

- inside bones

- surrounded by marrow

- better at shock absorption

osteon

structural unit of compact bone

lamellae

Concentric rings made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix

central (haversian) canal

opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves

Actions of the Appendicular Skeleton

- flexion / extension

- abduction/adduction

- rotation

- circumduction

- dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

- inversion/eversion

Supination of forearm

radius parallel to ulna

Pronation of forearm

radius crossed over ulna "X"

Typical synovial joint

- joint cavity

- ligament

- fibrous layer

- synovial membrane

- articular cartilage

Knee Joints

medial/lateral meniscus, medial collatreral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

medial and lateral menisci

cushion the tibia and femur

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

runs between the tibia and femur

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

runs between the fibula and femur

Ligaments Stabilizing Knee Joint

Anterior cruciate ligament : attaches to anterior tibia.

Posterior cruciate ligament: attaches to posterior tibia.

skelton

206 bones

Appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Foramen (foramina)

a hole in a bone (typically for nerves or blood vessels)

Fossa (fossae)

a depression in a bone

Process

projection from bone, narrow or wide, protrudes from surrounding bone

Meatus

a hole, inside to out

Canal

a groove or tube-like structure

pectoral girdle

Consists of the clavicle and scapula; functions to attach the upper extremity to the axial skeleton.

Scapula

shoulder blade

borders: superior, medial, and lateral

Glenoid fossa

articulates with humerus = forms shoulder joint

groove

part of scapula

coraciod process

attachment point of the biceps muscle

part of scapula

Acromion

articulates with acromial end of clavicle, part of scapula

Infraspinous, Supraspinous & Subscapular Fossa

holds muscles, part of scapula

Clavicle

extends horizontally across the superior throax

medial (sternal) end of clavicle

articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

Lateral/acromial end of clavicle

articulates with the acromion of the scapula

Functions of clavicle

muscle attachments, acts as brace for scapula & arms, transmits compression forces from arms to axial skeleton

Humerus

Largest bone in the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow

Trochela

a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

olecranon fossa

located on the posterior side of the distal end of the humerus superior to the trochlea and articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna

lateral and medial epicondyles

processes on lateral surface located immediately proximal to trochlea and capitulum; medial epicondyle is larger than lateral

Capitulum

articulates w/ head of radius

Radial head

articulates w/ radical notch of ulna to form pivot joint

Radius

lateral bone of the forearm

contributes to wrist

Carpals

bones of wrist

8 bones

Pelvis

includes both appendicular and axial bones

Pelvic bone

ossa coxae, sacrum, and coccyx

os coxae

the hipbone; formed by the union of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

Acetabulum

hip socket

pelvic inlet

boundary between the greater and lesser pelvis; determines size and shape of birth canal

pelvic brim

defines edge of pelvic inlet

pelivc outlet

defined by ischial tuberosites

Femur

thigh bone

Patella

sesmoid bone referred to as the knee cap

Tibia

shin bone, thicker leg bone

Foot

tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14)

Tarsals

includes talus & calcaneus (makes up heel)

Skeletal mucles

striates, long & cylindrical fibers, voluntary

Cardiac muscles

striated, intercalated disks, involuntary

Smooth muscle

not striated, spindle-shaped, involuntary

Trapezius

Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; rotates the arm, elevates clavicle

Serratus anterior

protects and rotates scapula, hold scapula flat against ribcage

Pectoralis major

adducts, flexes and medially rotates arm

Latissimus dorsi and tres major

Work together to extend the humerus and medially rotate arm

Deltoid

abducts, flexes, extends, and rotates arm

Rotator cuff

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Anterior comparment of the arm

biceps brachii, long & short head, coracobrachialis, brachialis

Anterior compartment of the forearm

flexion of wrist and digits

posterior compartment of the arm

triceps brachii (long head, medial head, lateral head)

extends arm and forearm

Posterior compartment of the forearm

extension of wrist and digits

Thenar group

moves thumb (1st digit) and opposes to digits

Hypothenar group

moves pink (digit 5) and opposes to thumb

Interossei

palmer interossei adduct (PAD), dorsal interossei abduct (DAB)

adduction & abduction of digits occurs in reference to digit 3

interossei muscles abduct and adduct the digits

Gluteal muscles

gluteus maximus (extend & laterally rotate thigh), gluteus medius & glutus minimus (abducts thigh)

Tensor fascie late

flexes & abducts thigh

Sartorius

flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh, flexes leg

rectus femoris

extends leg and flexes thigh

part of quadriceps femoris

vastus lateralis

extends leg

part of quadriceps femoris

vastus intermedius

extends leg

part of quadriceps femoris

vastus medialis

extends leg

part of quadriceps femoris

iliopsoas

flexes the thigh

hamstings

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

extension of hip, flexion of knee

medial compartment of thigh

adductor magnus, adductor longus, gracilis

adduction of hip/thigh

anterior compartment of the leg

tibialis anterior: dorsiflexion and inversion

lateral compartment of the leg

fibularis longus & brevis: plantarflexion, eversion

gastrocnemius and soleus

flexion of leg, plantar flexion

posterior compartment of the leg

flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus

plantar flexion of hallux & foot, plantarflex digits 2-5 and foot

Fontanelles

soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn

sagittal sutures

runs between L & R parietal bones

lambdoid suture

runs between parietal and occipital lobe

squamosal suture

runs between each parietal and temporal bone

temporal bones

form the sides and base of the cranium

3 regions: squamous, tympanic, petrous

external acoustic meatus

Canal leading to eardrum and middle ear