HISTORY OF ARTS

PREHISTORIC ART

As long as there have been people, there has been art. The need to create has always been a driving force among people.\---This is art dating back to the time before people kept written records. By studying this art you will find out about the civilizations of early times. You will learn about their culture, or ideas, beliefs, and living customs.

ART OF THE OLD STONE AGE

The earliest works modern experts have uncovered date back to the Old Stone Age.

ART OF THE OLD STONE AGE

Also known as the Paleolithic period

ART OF THE OLD STONE AGE

The lives of people during this Age were filled with danger, hunger, and fear. Each day meant a new struggle just to survive. In the winter they searched for shelter against the snow and cold. In the summer they battled the heat and the sudden rains that floated their caves. Those lucky enough to survive were old boy by age 40. Few lived past their fiftieth year.

PAINTING (ART OF THE OLD STONE AGE)

discovered on the wall of a cave in France. Others like it have been found in Spain and elsewhere in Western Europe.\---Examples of cave art have been found on every continent, from the Sahara desert to the Arctic.\---

PAINTING (ART OF THE OLD STONE AGE)

No one knows the real reason behind the creation of paintings like this one. Such works have always been found deep within caves, far from entrances and daylight. Their location has led experts to think they were not created merely as decoration. Some think it played a part in hunting rituals.

ART OF THE NEW STONE AGE

People gradually began to change as civilizations moved into the...\---Prehistoric peoples stopped wandering and formed villages. They learned to raise livestock and started growing their own food. Ways of making art changed, too.

Crafts (ART OF THE NEW STONE AGE)

Neolithic Tools\---people learned to spin fibers, weave, and making pottery. A vase made about 6000 B.C. Note the potter's use of formal balance in this piece. Notice how the geometric design and balance combine to give the work a sense of unity.

Art of Ancient Greece

Art of Ancient Greece

The reason in both cases is that the country - Greece - was the birthplace of western civilization.\----In this lesson you will learn about that culture and art.

Greece

the birthplace of western civilization\---...never became a nation. Instead, the tribes that formed it remained small separately ruled powers called city-states. Part of the reason for this was geography. High Rocky Mountains and miles of sea divided the different city-states. Two other, and more important factors were self-pride and jealousy. It was loyalty to their own and distrust of others that prevented the city-states from banding together to form a nation.

THE BEGINNING OF GREEK CULTURE

The story of ancient Greece begun around 1500 B.C. It was around this time that different groups from the north settled in the region bordering the Aegean (ih-jee-uhn) Sea. Greece never became a nation. Instead, the tribes that formed it remained small separately ruled powers called city-states. Part of the reason for this was geography. High Rocky Mountains and miles of sea divided the different city-states. Two other, and more important factors were self-pride and jealousy. It was loyalty to their own and distrust of others that prevented the city-states from banding together to form a nation.

Athens

One of the largest and most powerful of the city-states.\--- also the most important in the history of the art.

ancient Greece

begun around 1500 B.C.

1. art of PREHISTORIC ART \---ART OF THE OLD STONE AGE

1.1 PAINTING

2. art of ART OF THE NEW STONE AGE

2.1 Crafts

3. art of Art of Ancient Greece

3.1 Painting and Crafts

Art of Ancient Rome

The Greek city-states were not only unable to band together to form a nation, they were also unable to keep the peace among themselves for long. Frequent outbreaks of fighting over a 1300-year period weakened the country. It made Greece helpless against attack from outside forces. Finally in 197 B.C., Greece fell to the Romans.
Although the Greek empire was defeated, Greek influence continued. The Romans were influenced by Greek ideas about art and used them in their own works.

ROME

the greatest power in the civilized world. At its peak, the city had a population of over one million people.\----a city of contrasts. There were magnificent public buildings, baths, and parks, but there were also narrow streets crammed with shabby dwellings

Romans

practical-minded people. They were more interested in such things as engineering, law, and government than in art

ANCIENT ROMAN CULTURE

By the time of its takeover of Greece, Rome was the greatest power in the civilized world. At its peak, the city had a population of over one million people.
Rome was a city of contrasts. There were magnificent public buildings, baths, and parks, but there were also narrow streets crammed with shabby dwellings.
The Romans were a practical-minded people. They were more interested in such things as engineering, law, and government than in art. Romans did, however, make some very important contributions to the world of art.

History

teaches many meaningful lessons

ART OF THE ROMANESQUE PERIOD

History teaches many meaningful lessons. One is that even the most powerful empires, in time, weaken and crumble. Rome was no exception. The Roman Empire fell to invading armies around A.D. 400. Both the style of life as well as the art of this period were affected by these historical changes. Temples and palaces were torn down and stone was used to build fortresses to keep out the invaders.\----Shortly before Rome fell, the practice of Christianity became widely accepted. The Catholic Church stood as the single most important influence in western Europe. Its influence on people and events was widespread throughout the span of history now called the Middle Ages. The art and architecture at the end of the Middle Ages is divided into two periods: the Romanesque (rohmuh-nesk), from around 150 to around 1150, and Gothic from around 1150 to about 1500.

LIFE IN ROMANESQUE TIMES

Warfare was common during the Romanesque period. Since land was the main source of power and wealth, kings and rich landowners were forever fighting among themselves to protect or add to their holdings.

Warfare

...common during the Romanesque period. Since land was the main source of power and wealth, kings and rich landowners were forever fighting among themselves to protect or add to their holdings.

LIFE IN ROMANESQUE TIMES

Warfare was common during the Romanesque period. Since land was the main source of power and wealth, kings and rich landowners were forever fighting among themselves to protect or add to their holdings.

Illuminations

hand-painted book illustrations. For nearly a thousand years, these illustrations were the most important paintings created in Europe. Art of the Gothic Period

Life in Gothic Times

Toward the end of the Romanesque period, Europe began to change. With the growth of trade, money replaced land as the measure of wealth. Castles became unpopular as cities grew and thrived. Many of these cities developed into large population centers by the year 1200. The church continued to have a great effect on the people as well as on the art of these new Europe cities

5. art of ART OF THE ROMANESQUE PERIOD

5.1 PAINTING \---Illuminations are hand-painted book illustrations. For nearly a thousand years, these illustrations were the most important paintings created in Europe. Art of the Gothic Period

arts of Life in Gothic Times

6.1 Crafts & 6.2 Painting

Crafts (Life in Gothic Times)

The pointed arch and flying buttress did away with the need for solid walls. They also opened up the possibility of having many windows in churches and cathedrals. This created yet another outlet for expression by artists and craftspeople of the day. Brilliantly colored stained glass windows like those in Europe began gracing the walls of cathedrals. Stained glass is made of colored glass pieces held in place with lead strips. These windows filled the cathedrals with softly tinted light. The pictures in these windows, focusing on religious figures and events, also helped teach the Bible.

Stained glass

made of colored glass pieces held in place with lead strips. These windows filled the cathedrals with softly tinted light. The pictures in these windows, focusing on religious figures and events, also helped teach the Bible.

Painting (Life in Gothic Times)

Fresco

a painting created when pigment is applied to a section of wall spread with fresh plaster

Fresco

Italian word for 'fresh'.\---This technique required the artist to work quickly before the plaster dried. The pigment was absorbed and the painting was permanently preserved.

gifted artist named Giotto

who wished to do more than Bible stories. His goal was to make the people in his pictures come alive. His genius was such that a century would pass before an artist of equal skill would appear.

gargoyle

If you look up to the highest point of a Gothic cathedral, you will see creatures known as

gargoyle

a projecting ornament on a building carved in the shape of a fantastic animal or grotesque creature. ....made of carved stone and metal. They were meant to look like spirits fleeing, or being driven, from the holy building. However, these strange creations actually served a very particular purpose. They are really rain spouts that carried rainwater from the roof of the cathedral.

Art of the Italian Renaissance\---The Renaissance in Italy

During the Middle Ages the teachings of the Catholic Church were the focus of much of the art work. By the beginnings of the 1400s, however, artists gradually began to change their style. After centuries of creating religious works, artists began to paint pictures to look as realistic as possible. The emphasis was not always on religious subjects. This time is known as the Renaissance (ren-uh-sahns), a period of great awakening. The word renaissance means "rebirth."\----The shift in interests that took place during the Renaissance was especially noticeable in Italy. There, a number of cities grew in trading and business centers. One of these, Florence, became the capital of Europe's cloth trade and home to its richest bank. Florence also became a center for art during the Renaissance.

Renaissance

a period of great awakening. \--- means "rebirth."

art of Art of the Italian Renaissance

7.1 Painting

Masaccio

Among the people living in Florence during the early 1400s was a young artist named\---he continued where Giotto had left off a century earlier. He made the figures in his works seem solid and real.

Linear perspective

Masaccio also sought to add a true-to-life, three-dimensional quality using a technique called...\---the use of slanted lines to make objects appear to extend back into space. The technique was discovered by an architect and friend of Masaccio named Filippo Brunelleschi

trademark of Renaissance art

The artist adds to his realistic appearance by giving the subject an expression of genuine grief. This combination of three-dimensional form and emotion

Masaccio died suddenly at the age of...\---Some believe that he may have been poisoned by a jealous rival.

27

Mona Lisa

Leonardo's most famous work is a portrait

Leonardo Da Vinci

was recognized as agreat artist even in his own day. Artists from all over flocked to Florence in the hopes of learning from him. One of these was a young painter named Raphael

Raphael

Religious paintings are one of over 300 Madonnas that he painted

Madonna

a work showing the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child. In this one, Leonardo's influence can be seen in the soft change from light to dark values.

Arts of the 1600s

When Rome collapsed, the Catholic Church became more influential. It remained this way until the early 1500s, when the Church's power began to slip. A group of Christians led by a man named Martin Luther splintered off from the Church in revolt to form their own religion.
The Protestant Reformation, as this movement was called, drew many people away from the Catholic Church. In an effort to win them back, the Church started its own reform movement in the 1600s. This movement, which began in Italy, is known as the Counter-Reformation.

Martin Luther

A group of Christians led by a man splintered off from the Church in revolt to form their own religion.

Protestant Reformation

this movement was called, drew many people away from the Catholic Church. In an effort to win them back, the Church started its own reform movement in the 1600s. This movement, which began in Italy, is known as the Counter-Reformation.

Protestant Reformation

This movement, which began in Italy, is known as the Counter-Reformation.

Mannerism

Italian word maniera

Mannerism

"manner" or "style" a term applied retrospectively and usually associated with exaggerated foreshortening, unusual compositions and elongated figures.

Baroque

A sence of flowing movement is one feature of a new art style of the day,..., or an art style emphasizing movement, contrast, and variety. Its style was florid and decorative, with dramatic poses and passionate expressions.

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio

In Italy the leader of the Baroque style was a young painter. One of his key contributions was the use of light in a daring new way. In this way, he makes you feel that you are a part of the drama.

Artemisia Gentileschi

Caravaggio's style influenced the work of many Italian painters of the day. Among them was a woman . Like Caravaggio, she used light and shadow to add excitement to her paintings.

Diego Velasquez

In Spain, not all Baroque paintings showed such tense, dramatic movement. Movement of another sort is found in the works of Spanish painter, he is...

art of Art of the 1700s

9.1 PAINTING

Art of the 1700s

Just as events of the 1500s brought in the Baroque style, so events of the 1600s brought its end. The most important of these was the crowning of one of the history's most colorful, pleasure-loving rulers. Because this king chose the sun as his emblem, he became known as the Sun King.

France (EUROPE IN THE LATE 1600s)

During the 1600s it emerged as Europe's strongest and wealthiest nation. Its capital, Paris, became the center of art.
The force behind these changes was a powerful king with very rich tastes. He was Louis XIV, who ruled France for over 70 years. Louis' tastes were to help chart the course Western art would follow over the next 100 years.

Rococo

Life for the king and his friends at Versailles was happy and carefree. This mood gave rise to a new style of art in the early 1700s. This style, is an art style stressing free, graceful movement; a playful use of line; and bright colors.

Antoine Watteau

The first artist to create works in the Rococo style was a painter. its pictures show a make-believe world peopled by untroubled members of France's ruling class. Like the figures in its other works, the people in this one appear to have not a care in the world.

Rococo

came after the French "rocaille", meaning shell or rock work. Most prominent in the decorative arts, it was characterised by s and C shapes. It was first used in derogatory way, signifying frivolity

The Rococo style in painting was not limited to France. In Spain the style was picked by a free-thinking artist.... In His early forties, he painted softly lighted portraits of people from Spanish high society. A glimpse of the horrors and suffering of war, however, changed all that.
In 1808 French troops attacked Spain. The bloody scenes of his witnessed prompted a series of etchings. An etching is an intaglio print made by scratching an image onto a specially treated copper plate. Goya's view of war is stripped of brave warriors and glorious victories. It is a shocking vision of death and destruction.

etching

an intaglio print made by scratching an image onto a specially treated copper plate. Goya's view of war is stripped of brave warriors and glorious victories. It is a shocking vision of death and destruction.

Neoclassic and Romantic Art

The late 1700s and early 1800s were stormy times in France. Outraged by the shameless greed of wealthy ruling class, the poor people rose up in revolt. This uprising, known as the French Revolution, began with a bloody reign of terror. Thousands lost their heads on the guillotine. The following 20 years, marked by war and struggle, were no less bitter. Finally, the troubled French government was turned over to a popular young general. His name was Napoleon Bonaparte (nuh-pol-yuhn boh-nuh-part).

Napoleon Bonaparte

the troubled French government was turned over to a popular young general.

Neoclassic

meaning "new classic", an art style that borrowed from the early classical period of ancient Greece and Rome.

NEOCLASSIC ART

Artists of the day believed these events were equal and importance to the rise and fall of ancient Greece and Rome. They even chose to show the events using an updated version of the styles of ancient Greece and Rome.

Jacques Louis David

One of the most successful of the Neoclassic artists. Even though he later took part in the revolt against the French King, He was Louis XVI's painter. It was the King who asked him to paint what would become one of his most famous pictures. His use of light adds drama to the picture.

ROMANTIC ART

As the 1800s wore on, people became weary of the political unrest and fighting. They looked for things that would take their minds off the upsetting events around them. Some artists shared this same desire. These artists were responsible for developing a new style of art called Romanticism (roh-mant-uh-siz-uhm). This is a style of art that found its subjects in the world of the dramatic and exotic. It is a style of art and literature that drew on the imagination rather than rationalism

Romanticism

This is a style of art that found its subjects in the world of the dramatic and exotic. It is a style of art and literature that drew on the imagination rather than rationalism

Eugene Delacroix

To French Romanticists, nothing stirred the imagination better than far-off places and colorful, action-filled adventures. The two are combined in the paintings of..., he is a leader of the romantic shool. He refuse to allow his taste for action to interfere with his sense of design. He planned his painting so the viewer would miss none of its exciting details.

Joseph M.W. Turner

In England, another artist who turned to his imagination for ideas was the English painter. Unlike other Romanticists, he expected his viewers to use their imaginations as well. His glowing colors and blurred images allowed viewers to interpret his pictures in their own eyes.

European Art- Late 1800s

Each age has its customs and fashions. One custom and common in Paris and London during the 1800s was a yearly art show. The Salon (suh-lahn), an annual exhibition of art, was a major social event. An artist's reputation often depended upon whether or not his or her work was selected for showing at the Salon. In this lesson you will read how the Salon led to the formation of an art movement, a trend formed when a group of artist band together to create works of a single style.

Realism

the style adopted by a group of artists in France who chose to represent contemporary subjects in realistic ways.

Trompe L'oeil

a French word for something that fools the eye. The technique was used extensively in wall paintings from the 15th century to create imitation architectural details.

Impressionist Painting

In 1874 a group of discouraged young artists decided to hold an exhibition of their own. They found an empty studio in Paris. There they hung pictures that had been rejected by the Salon. The people who came to view the exhibition reacted in different ways. Some were confused. Others laughed. Still others were angry. On one point most viewers agreed: the paintings looked more like sketches than like finished art works. One angry critic, after viewing a painting titled Impression: Sunrise, referred to all the paintings as "impressionistic." The name stuck and continued to be used to identify paintings done in this new style. It came from a French word En Plein Air which is a method of painting a scene directly onto the canvas in the open air and strongly associated with the impressionists.

Impressionism

a style that attempted to capture the rapidly changing effects of light on objects. (Members of the Impressionist movement left their studios to paint outdoors. They looked at life around them and found subjects everywhere they looked. They painted landscapes and street scenes; they even set up their easels in cafes.)

Claude Monet

The painting that gave Impressionism its name was the work of one of the movement's founders. Each stroke of paint is a little different from the next hue, value, and intensity. He knows the yellows and blues he is using will play against each other in viewer's eyes. They will give the painting a sparkle and brilliance to match that of the sun.

Auguste Renoir

One of the most productive of the Impressionists was a man....\--- Another of the movement's founders, Renoir's painted right up to the day he died.\---explored using the Impressionist styles were portraits. He was especially attracted to the eyes of his subject and often made these focus of attention. The eyes, you will notice, are painted in sharp focus. The rest of the figure, meanwhile, is blurred. he knew that when we look at a person or object, not all parts appear in focus at once. Only the part where our eyes rest at a given moment is seen sharply. Everything else appear fuzzy and slightly out of focus.

The Art of the Post-Impressionists

Have you ever created something that pleased you at first but didn't seem right later? This was the case with several artists working toward the close of 1800s. These artists worked as impressionist but came to feel that there were problems with this style. The more they studied their art, the more dissatisfied they became. Art, they believed, should do more than just show the changing effects of light on objects.

Post -Impressionism

the name given to an art movement that appeared after the Impressionist movement. The word post means "after".

post

means "after

Paul Cézanne (Composition)

One of the Post-Impressionists was also, interestingly, an original member of the Impressionist movement. This artist's name was.....\----He objected to the loss of composition arising from the Impressionist blurring of shapes. His solution was use to patches of color. These he joined together like pieces of a puzzle to create solid-looking forms.

American Painting in the Late 1800s

The 1800s was a period of great change and growth in the United States. The country grew in size as pioneer and the railroad pushed westward. It grew in wealth as trade and industry boomed. By the end of the century. America had taken its place as a world power. It had also emerged as a force to be reckoned with in the world of art.

Realism

a movement that had its start in France in the mid-1800s.\---a style of art in which everyday scenes and events are painted as they actually look.

Thomas Eakins

painted only what he saw, is held to be one of American's realists

Winslow Homer

Another artist who, like Eakins, painted exactly what he saw was??? Unlike Eakins, he painted pictures that often told stories, usually in the midst of some outdoor activity, such as hunting, fishing, or sailing

Art of the Early Twentieth Century in Europe

Every age, it has been said, learns from and builds on the one before it. The truth of these words is clear from developments in art in the early 1900s. Several new styles came along, each borrowing in a different way from Post-Impressionism. These styles, which stunned the art world, continue to affect art through the present day.

fauves

This term, which is French for "wild beasts,"

Fauvism

an art movement in which artists used wild, intense color combinations in their paintings.

Henri Matisse

The leader of the Fauves was a law student who chose to become an artist. For his paintings, he chose colors that communicated a joyous or happy mood. He then combined them to create rich, decorative patterns. To

Expressionism

Matisse and the Fauves wanted to show feelings in their art. In Germany the same goal was shared by another group of artists, who developed a movement known as "?". Artists using expressionism worked in a style that emphasized the expression of innermost feelings. They ignored the contemporary rules of art. They had the strength to
experiment with, to exaggerate, and in other ways to change, the proportions of figures and objects.

Painting

An early leader of the Expressionist movement was an artist named Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Kirchner's inner view of the street scene in Berlin shows brilliant, clashing colors and sharp, twisted shapes. The people in Kirchner's world are crammed together in a small pace. Yet they manage not to notice one another.

Printmaking

The power of expressionism can also be seen in the prints and drawings of Kathe Kollwitz. At a time when most artists were exploring color, Kollwitz created works mainly in black and white.

Cubism

Paul Cezanne, you will remember, was interested in showing objects as soild-looking forms. A guiding idea behind cubism was Cezanne's notion that all forms in nature are made up of three shapes. Those three are the sphere, cone, and cylinder. This idea led to the development of Cubism, a style in which objects are shown from several different angles at once.

European Art Today

The Impressionists went outdoors to find ideas. The Expressionists looked to their own hearts. The second decade of the twentieth century found artists exploring still another source for art ideas. That was the inner workings of mind.