Axial Skeleton

Lessons 3-6

Axial skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, sacrum, coccyx

Appendicular skeleton

Appendages, scapula, clavicle, pelvis (innominate bone)

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone (Prominent)

Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregular shaped process (on femur)

Line

Narrow ridge of bone (less prominent than crest)

Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Epicondyle

Raised area above or on a condyle

Spine

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Process

Any bony prominence

Head

Bone expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle

Rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa

Foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

• means ‘an opening’

Groove

Furrow (a trench)

Fissure

Narrow, split-like opening, large groove

Notch

Indentation at the edge of a structure

Fossa

Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Meatus

Canal-like passageway

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Trabeculae of spongy bone

A ‘honey comb’ of small needle-like of flat pieces located in spongy bone

Osteocyte

Mature bone cells

Medullary cavity

The very centre of long bones that contains no bone tissue

Yellow marrow

Site of fat storage

Red marrow

Makes blood cells

Periosteum

Connective tissue membrane that covers the entire outer surface of each bone

Endosteum

Thin connective tissue membrane that covers internal bone surfaces

Epiphysis

The ‘ends’ of the long bone

Diaphysis

The middle portion of a long bone

Epiphyseal Plate

Plate of cartilage that interiorly separates the the epiphyses and the diaphysis

• responsible for lengthening bones

Hematopoiesis

Formation of blood cells

Hyaline cartilage

• Most abundant cartilage

• Matrix made of collagen

• provides strength, flexibility and resilience

• Makes up the articular cartilage that covers the ends of adjoining bones in moveable joints

• Forms cartilaginous attachments of the rib to sternum

Elastic cartilage

• Matrix contains many elastic and collagen fibers

• Can tolerate repeated bending (ex. Found in epiglottis)

Fibrocartilage

• Made of thick collagen fibres

• resists strong compression and tension forces

• Found in certain ligaments and cartilages (Anulus fibrosus, menisci)

Epiglottis

covering of the larynx’s glottis when we swallow

Larynx

Breathing tube

Intervertebral discs

Pubic Symphysis

Menisci

Plural for meniscus

• protect and cushion joint surface and bone ends

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Long bone

Bones that are longer than they are wide

• ex. Femur

Short bone

• bones that are roughly cube-shaped

• In wrist and ankle (talus)

sesamoid bone

• bones shaped Like a sesame seed

• Ex. Patella

flat bone

Thin, flattened bone

• ex. Cranial bones of skull, sternum

irregular bone

Bones that have irregular shape

• ex. Vertebrae

nutrient artery

• Artery that supplies the bone marrow and spongy bone with nutrients

osteocalcin

Hormone secreted by osteoblasts

• stimulates secretion of insulin and influences fat cells to store less fat and secrete a hormone that increases inulin sensitivity

Sutures

Immovable joints

• means ‘seams’

Cranial cavity

Contains the brain

orbits

where eyes are located (eye socket)

sinus

Cavity with a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

foramina

Plural of foramen

vertebrae

Bones of the vertebral column

transverse ligament

Thick ligament located in the vertebral foramen of the atlas

lacrimal glands

Tear shaped gland responsible for secreting tears

osteroporosis

Low bone mass and a deterioration of the architecture of the bony skeleton

osteosarcoma

Bone cancer

Seven important functions of bone

Bones are = living tissue

• Support = framework for body

• Movement = muscles attach to bone

• Protection = some bones protect important organs/structures

• Mineral storage

• Blood cell formation and energy storage = marrow

• Energy metabolism = osteoblasts (bone producing cells) secrete osteocalcin which stimulates insulin levels

Cervical region of the spine

C1-C8

Thoracic region of the spine

T1-T12

Lumbar region of the spine

L1-L5

Intervertebral disc

nucleus pulposus of disc

anulus fibrosus

herniated disc

articulate/articulation

When two things meet

temporomandibular joint

sacroilliac joint

lordosis

Natural curvature of the lumbar spine

Kyphosis

Natural curvature of the thoracic spine

hyperlordosis

lower spine no curve

hypolordosis

hyperkyphosis

hypokyphosis

scoliosis

8 carpal bones

• Some: scaphoid (start from pollicis bone closest to wrist)

• Lover: lunate

• Try: triquetrum

• Positions: pisiform

• that: trapezium

• They: trapezoid

• Can’t: capitate

• Handle: hamate

Blue

metacarpal bones (I-V)

Orange

phalanges (I-V) - proximal, middle, distal

pollicis

Thumb

carpal tunnel syndrome

Inflammation around median nerve of wrist

proximal and distal radioulnar joints

*movement + prevention

tibial (medial) collateral ligament

• prevent: lateral and medial movement of leg at knee

• Movement: stop leg extension, prevent hyperextension

*movement + prevention

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

• prevent: lateral and medial movement of leg at knee

• Movement: stop leg extension, prevent hyperextension

medial meniscus

lateral meniscus

*movement + prevention

anterior cruciate ligament

• movement: stabilizes rotation of knee

• Prevents: tibia from sliding out in front of femur, excessive rotation of knee

*movement + prevention

posterior cruciate ligament

• movement: stabilizer of knee

• Prevents: tibia from sliding behind the femur, excessive rotation of knee

*movement + prevention

patellar ligament

• movement: stabilized knee flexion, keeps patella in place

• Prevents: prevents hyperflexion of knee

femoral tibial joint

glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)

acetabularfemoral joint

humeroulnar joint

joint capsule

synovial fluid

bursa

Lubricated small sacs around joints

sacroiliac joint

tarsals

calcaneus