BSU COMD 281 EXAM 1

Nervous System Purpose (overlaid function)

Encodes ideas in linguistic forms that results in control of the speech muscles to produce ideas

What is the purpose of those "systems" included in the diagram entitled "The Circle of Speech"?

The systems each have a biological purpose meant to keep you alive

Overlaid Function

speech is an overlaid function, each system within speech has a primary biological purpose that is "hijacked"for speech

Nervous System Purpose (primary)

Controlling the entire body

Respiratory System Purpose (primary)

Breathing for life support

Respiratory System Purpose (overlaid function)

muscles of chest wall must generate sufficient air pressure to drive the generator of voice and speech sound production

Phonatory System Purpose (primary)

-Close off larynx to block path to lungs while swallowing to prevent choking

-if choking —> cough

-thoracic function

Phonatory System Purpose (overlaid function)

Muscles of the larynx must generate enough energy for the voice and speech to be heard

Articulatory System Purpose (primary)

mastication of food to prevent choking while swallowing

Articulatory System Purpose (overlaid function)

muscles of the vocal tract must expand the vibratory energy rapidly so the speech sounds will fade quickly and not blur into each other

Auditory System Purpose (primary)

balance and hearing danger

Auditory System (overlaid function)

the ear must transform the acoustic waves of speech sounds into neural signs so that speakers can self monitor their speech production and listeners can attend to what the speaker is saying.

the ear extends to the brain where speech is decoded and understood.

anatomical position

The living body standing erect, facing the observer, eyes front, arms at side, palms facing forward, feet together and toes facing forward

Posterior

1

Anterior

2

Sagittal Plane

1

Superior

2

Transverse Plane

3

Frontal Plane

4

Inferior

5

Right

1

Left

2

Midline

3

Distal

4

Proximal

5

Medial

6

Lateral

7

superficial

near the outer surface

Deep

away from the surface

Cranial

toward the head

Caudal

toward the tail

Rostral

Toward the nose and mouth

Two divisions of the nervous system

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Takes in sensory information, processes information, sends out motor signals

Includes the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Send information from different areas of your body back to the brain, carries out commands from your brain to various parts of your body

Includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia

Neuron

The fundamental units of the brain and nervous systems

Consists of a cell body, axon and terminal end

Primary function is conducting electrical impulses

Axons connect different areas of gray matter and serve as pathways

Myelin

A fatty, white substance that covers the axons of neurons that makes the conduction of electrical impulses faster and more efficient

Cerebellum

Another name for the cerebral cortex

Responsible for muscle control, balance and movement

Why is the brain wrinkly?

To fit more brain meat in the skull

gyrus (gyri)

Mountain

sulcus (sulci)

Valley or groove

Fissure

A deep groove

Longitudinal/Sagittal Fissure

divides the left and right hemisphere

LONGITUDINAL/SAGITTAL FISSURE?

1

Central Fissure/Fissure of Rolando

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

CENTRAL FISSURE/FISSURE OF RONALDO

4

Lateral/Sylvian Fissure

Separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

LATERAL/SYLVIAN FISSURE

9

Broca's Area

Left frontal lobe, inferior frontal gyrus on the lateral surface above the Sylvian fissure

Pre motor cortex

Major contributor to planning and organization of motor behavior required for speech production

Frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

has PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

Primary Motor Cortex

Muscle control for motor, planning, initiation, and inhibition of voluntary movements.

Motor neurons arranged somatotopically

A lesion in Broca's area may cause...

Apraxia, broca's aphasia and dysarthrias

BROCA'S AREA

10

Wernicke's area

Located in temporal lobe

Left hemisphere near superior temporal gyrus

Associated with comprehension of speech and language- receptive language and processing

Lesion to Wernicke's area may cause...

Speech to be produces relatively normally, up the person does not comprehend language

WERNICKE'S AREA

7

What are the four lobes of the brain?

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

FRONTAL LOBE

1

PARIETAL LOBE

2

parietal lobe

Contains primary somatosensory cortex, associated with other areas of the brain to analyze and integrate sensory information

Lesions to the parietal lobe may result in...

Agnosia, inability to recognize objects through basic sensory skills

Lesions to the frontal lobe may result in...

Apraxia, Broca's aphasia, motor planning problem

OCCIPITAL LOBE

3

TEMPORAL LOBE

4

Homunculus

a maplike representation of regions of the body in the brain, NOT REAL

Heschl's Gyrus

Primary auditory complex, part of temporal gyri

First location that processes auditory information

Occipital Lobe

primary visual cortex

Frontal and Temporal

Lobes most important to our profession

Limbic system

Collection of structures involved in emotions, motivation, energy and adaptive functions

Hippocampus

Memory, emotions and motivation

corpus callosum

Tells left hand what right hand is doing

Cerebrovascular system

Expensive word for blood supply

Main blood vessels that supply the brain

2 vertebral arteries, 2 carotid arteries

Posterior cerebral arteries, middle cerebral arteries, anterior cerebral arteries and communicating arteries

Circle of Willis

Where the main blood vessels that supply the brain meet up

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Stroke, suddenly and severe disruption of blood supply

Hemmorrhage

Leakage of blood or uncontrolled bleeding

Thrombosis

Blood clot stops blood from where it is formed

Embolus

Blood clot that has traveled through the blood stream

Aneurism

Bulging of a blood vessel

Ventricles

Cavities inside the brain that produce, circulate and reabsorb spinal fluid

purpose of cerebrospinal fluid

Provides brain with buoyancy, protection, chemical stability, nutrients, and removes waste

What happens if there is too much CSF?

An increase of pressure within the head

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Plays role in motor coordination

Three structures of brainstem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Why is the brainstem primitive?

Every living thing that breathes air has a brainstem

Medulla (medulla oblongata) function

Breathing

How many cranial nerves are there?

12

How are the cranial nerves numbered?

Roman numerals, by height at which they exit the brainstem

Which cranial nerves are most important to the profession?

5 and 7-12

CN V

TRIGEMINAL

motor supply to the muscles of mastication, transmits sensory info from the face

Lesions of CN V

Weakness/paralysis of jaw muscles, deviation, inability to close, atrophy, hypernasality, loss of sensation

CN VII

FACIAL

facial muscles of expression, tear glands, taste for a portion of the tongue

Lesions of CN VII

significant effect on articulation, paralysis, weakness, bells palsy, ptosis

CN VIII

VESTIBULARCOCHLEAR

auditory nerve, hearing, movement and balance

Lesions of CV VIII

hearing loss, vertigo, nystagmus

CN IX

GLOSSOPHARYNEAL

some taste and swallowing

Lesions of CN IX

loss of sensation in posterior third of tongue + pharynx, reduced or absent gag reflex

CN X

VAGUS

airway protection, phonation, hiccups

Lesions of CN X

deficit in swallowing, potential loss of gag reflex, hypernasality, paralysis of laryngeal muscles including vocal folds

CN XI

ACCESSORY

intrinsic muscles of pharynx, larynx and soft palate