practicum all vocab

animal

multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote that undergoes development to achieve its final form. In general, animals are mobile organisms, characterized by the presence of muscular and nervous tissues

vertebrate

chordate in which the notochord is replaced by a vertebral column

invertabrate

animal without a vertebral column or backbone

zygote

a diploid cell formed by the union of two gametes; the product of fertilization

differentitation

the processes by which immature cells become mature cells with specific functions

chordate

a phylum of the animal kingdom comprising all the animals that have, at some stage in their life, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal nerve cord, post anus tail

notochord

cartilage-like supportive dorsal rod in all chordates at some time in their life-cycle; replaced by vertebrae in vertebrates

dorsal nerve cord

the hollow bundle of nerve fibers that traverse dorsally the longitudinal axis of chordates at some stage of their life, runs above the notochord and gut

pharyngeal pouch

developmental characteristic of a chordate; these may develop into gills, or other structures such as auditory tubes and glands

asymmetry

an animal with lack or absence of symmetry

radial symmetry

body plan in which similar parts are arranged around a central axis, like spokes of a wheel

bilateral symmetry

body plan having two corresponding or complementary halves

dorsal

back side of bilateral animal

ventral

stomach side of bilateral animal

posterior

tail region of a bilateral animal

cephalization

having a well-recognized anterior head with a brain and sensory receptors

ectothermic

body temperature that varies according to the environmental temperature

endothermic

maintenance of a constant body temperature independent of the environmental temperature

closed circulatory system

a type of circulatory system where blood iisf confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid

open circulatory system

arrangement of internal transport in which blood bathes the organs directly, and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid

coelomate

animal with a body cavity that completely surrounds the internal organs

pseudocoelomate

organism with the body cavity lying between the digestive tract and body wall that is incompletely lined by mesoderm

coelom

fluid-filled space that forms between the digestive tract and the outer wall of the body during development; can aid in movement and as a reservoir for transporting nutrients and wastes

prostostome

group of coelomate animals in which the first embryonic opening (the blastopore) is associated with the mouth

deuterostome

group of coelomate in which the second embryonic opening, the blastopore, is associated with the anus

fertilization

fusion of sperm and egg nuclei, producing a zygote that develops into a new individual

blastula

hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells occurring during animal development prior to gastrula formation

gastrulation

formation of a gastrula from a blastula; characterized by an invagination to form cell layers of a caplike structure

gastrula

stage of animal development during which the germ layers form, at least in part, by invagination

blastopore

opening into the primitive gut formed at gastrulation

germ layer

primary tissue layer of a vertebrate embryo-namely, ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm

ectoderm

outermost primary tissue layer of an animal embryo; gives rise to the nervous system and the outer layer of the integument

endoderm

innermost primary tissue layer of an animal embryo that gives rise to the linings of the digestive tract and associated structures

mesoderm

middle primary tissue layer of an animal embryo that gives rise to muscle, several internal organs, and connective tissue layers

sessile

organism that is permanently attached to a substrate, such as rock

choanocyte

flagellated cells that beat to create the active pumping of water through the sponge

osculum

upper opening of the sponge’s body

spongin

modified type of collagen protein, and forms the fibers or mortar that hold spicules together

spicule

skeletal structure of sponges composed of calcium carbonate or silicate

filter feeding

animals that obtain its food by filtering particles or tiny living things from water

amoebocyte

any cell capable of moving like an amoeba

gemmule

a form of asexual reproduction in sponges where sponge cells grow inside, and kill parent cells; usually happens under harsh conditions

hermaphrodite

type of animal that has both male and female sex organs

medusa

among cnidarians, bell-shaped body form that is directed downward and contains much mesoglea

polyp

among cnidarians, body form that is directed upward and contains much mesoglea; in anatomy; small, abnormal growth that arises from the epithelial lining

epidermis

in mammals, the outer, protective layer of the skin; in plants, tissue that covers roots, leaves, and stems of nonwoody organisms

gastrodermis

inner layer from endoderm in polyps and medusas

mesoglea

transparent jellylike substance located between the endoderm and ectoderm of some sponges and cnidarians

gastrovascular cavity

blind digestive cavity in animals that have a sac body plan

tentacle

on medusas, used to move, they come from the center

cnidocyte

specialized stinging cells of a cnidarian; contain a toxin-filled capsule called a nematocyst

nematocyst

in cnidarians, a capsule that contains a threadlike fiber, the release of which aids in the capture of prey

nerve net

diffuse, noncentralized arrangement of nerve cells in cnidarians

colloblast

sticky adhesive cells that help ctenophora catch food

bioluminescence

ctenophora can produce their own light

cephalization

having a well-recognized anterior head with a brain and sensory receptors

pharnyx

in vertebrates, common passageway for both food intake and air movement; located between the mouth and the esophagus

planarian

any of the group of wide distributed, mostly free-living flatworms of the phylum platyhelminthes. Planaria is the name of one genus

flame cell

in planaria, the beating of cilia keeps fluid moving through pores and makes up the excretory system

eyespot

structure found in some species of protists that is used to sense light and light intensity

hermaphrodite

animal that has both male and female sex organs

regeneration

type of asexual reproduction of replacing and restoring damaged or missing cells, sometimes broken off ones can become new organism

tapeworms

endoparasite (live inside host, usually intestine); no brain or digestive system(food already broken down by host); scolex: anterior region with hooks for attachment and suckers for feeding; proglottid: segment containing eggs

proglottids

segments of tapeworm that contain both male and female sex organs and become a bag of eggs

fluke

endoparasites (mostly in lung fluke, but also blood and liver)

shistosomiasis

a diease that is caused by the blood fluke *Schistosoma;* found in Middle East, Asia, and Africa; infects 65 million people per year

roundworms

invertebrates with unsegmented cylindrical body covered by a cuticle that molts; some forms are free-living in water and soil, and many are parasitic

cuticle

in plants, a waxy layer covering the epidermis of plants that protects the plant against water loss and disease-causing organisms. In animals, an outer covering that protects and supports the organism

ascaris

nematoda; roundworm with separate sexes; life cycle involving intestines to blood to lungs to intestines

trichinosis

infection caused by the roundworm *Trichinella spiralis*

filarial worm

in nematoda phylum, causes elephantiasis when worms block lymph vessels; mosquito is intermediate host

pinworm

common in usa among children

hookworm

seen in southern states/worldwide parasite

rotifers

microscopic invertebrates characterized by ciliated corona that when beating looks like a rotating wheel

corona

crown of cilia on head, looks like a spinning wheel when in motion

visceral mass

internal organs of an organism; typically includes components of the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems (if present)

foot

animal structure involved in locomotion

mantle

in molluscs, an extension of the body wall that covers the visceral mass and may secrete a shell

radula

tongue-like organ with teeth

gastropod

mollusc with a broad, flat foot for crawling (ex: sea slugs, conches, snails)

cephalopod

type of mollusc in which the head is prominent and the foot is modified to form two arms and several tentacles; includes squids, cuttlefish, octopuses, and nautiluses

bivalve

type of mollusc with a shell composed of two valves; includes clams, oysters, and scallops

incurrent siphon

food/water enters mantle through incurrent siphon

excurrent siphon

allows water in mollusca Bivalvia to exit

anthropod

segmentation, jointed appendages, exoskeleton, well developed nervous system (compound eyes), respiration dependent on environment (gills or book lungs/trachea), and metamorphosis

segmentation

repetition of body units as seen in the earthworm

appendage

body parts attached to main part of body

exoskeleton

composed mostly of chitin (arthropoda) often molted (shedded) to grow

molting

shedding of the exoskelton to grow

compound eyes

eyes are made up of many smaller separate visual units

crustacean

member of a group of aquatic arthropods that contains, among others, shrimps, crabs, crayfish, and lobsters

insecta

body divided into head, thorac, and abdomen; head has: pair of sensory antennae, pair of compound eyes, several simple eyes, mouthparts specific to the insect; thorax has: three pairs of legs, zero to three pairs of wings

arachnids

groups of arthropods that includes spiders and scorpions

metamorphosis

change in shape and form that some animals, such as insects, undergo during development

parapodia

paddle-like appendages in annelida that the setae are bundles in

hermaphrodite

animal that has both male and female sec organs

nephridia

segmentally arranged, paired excretory tubule of many invertebrates, as in the earthworm

leech

blood-sucking annelid, usually found in freshwater, with a sucker at each end of segmented body

echinoderm

invertebrates such as sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars; characterized by radial symmetry and a water vascular system

water-vascular system

series of canals that takes water to the tube feet of an echinoderm, allowing them to expand