Chapter 26: The Child with Respiratory Dysfunction

A 4-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department. She has a froglike croaking sound on inspiration, is agitated, and is drooling. She insists on sitting upright. The nurse should intervene in which manner?

a. Make her lie down and rest quietly.
b. Examine her oral pharynx and report to the physician.
c. Auscultate her lungs and prepare for placement in a mist tent.
d. Notify the physician immediately and be prepared to assist with a tracheostomy or intubation.

D

(This child is exhibiting signs of respiratory distress and possible epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is always a medical emergency requiring antibiotics and airway support for treatment. Sitting up is the position that facilitates breathing in respiratory disease. The oral pharynx should not be visualized. If the epiglottis is inflamed, there is the potential for complete obstruction if it is irritated further. Although lung auscultation provides useful assessment information, a mist tent would not be beneficial for this child. Immediate medical evaluation and intervention are indicated.)

Why are cool-mist vaporizers rather than steam vaporizers recommended in the home treatment of respiratory infections?

a. They are safer.
b. They are less expensive.
c. Respiratory secretions are dried by steam vaporizers.
d. A more comfortable environment is produced.

A

(Cool-mist vaporizers are safer than steam vaporizers, and little evidence exists to show any advantages to steam. The cost of cool-mist and steam vaporizers is comparable. Steam loosens secretions, not dries them. Both cool-mist vaporizers and steam vaporizers may promote a more comfortable environment, but cool-mist vaporizers have decreased risk for burns and growth of organisms.)

econgestant nose drops are recommended for a 10-month-old infant with an upper respiratory tract infection. Instructions for nose drops should include which information?

a. Do not use for more than 3 days.
b. Keep drops to use again for nasal congestion.
c. Administer drops after feedings and at bedtime.
d. Give two drops every 5 minutes until nasal congestion subsides.

A

(Vasoconstrictive nose drops such as Neo-Synephrine should not be used for more than 3 days to avoid rebound congestion. Drops should be discarded after one illness and not used for other children because they may become contaminated with bacteria. Drops administered before feedings are more helpful. Two drops are administered to cause vasoconstriction in the anterior mucous membranes. An additional two drops are instilled 5 to 10 minutes later for the posterior mucous membranes. No further doses should be given.)

The parent of an infant with nasopharyngitis should be instructed to notify the health professional if the infant shows signs or symptoms of which condition?

a. Has a cough
b. Becomes fussy
c. Shows signs of an earache
d. Has a fever higher than 37.5 C (99 F)

C

(If an infant with nasopharyngitis shows signs of an earache, it may indicate respiratory complications and possibly secondary bacterial infection. The health professional should be contacted to evaluate the infant. Cough can be a sign of nasopharyngitis. Irritability is common in an infant with a viral illness. Fever is common in viral illnesses.)

It is important that a child with acute streptococcal pharyngitis be treated with antibiotics to prevent which condition?

a. Otitis media
b. Diabetes insipidus (DI)
c. nephrotic syndrome
d. Acute rheumatic fever

D

(Group A hemolytic streptococcal infection is a brief illness with varying symptoms. It is essential that pharyngitis caused by this organism be treated with appropriate antibiotics to avoid the sequelae of acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. The cause of otitis media is either viral or other bacterial organisms. DI is a disorder of the posterior pituitary. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis, not streptococcal pharyngitis, can cause DI. Glomerulonephritis, not nephrotic syndrome, can result from acute streptococcal pharyngitis.)

When caring for a child after a tonsillectomy, what intervention should the nurse do?

a. Watch for continuous swallowing.
b. Encourage gargling to reduce discomfort.
c. Apply warm compresses to the throat.
d. Position the child on the back for sleeping.

A

(Continuous swallowing, especially while sleeping, is an early sign of bleeding. The child swallows the blood that is trickling from the operative site. Gargling is discouraged because it could irritate the operative site. Ice compresses are recommended to reduce inflammation. The child should be positioned on the side or abdomen to facilitate drainage of secretions.)

What statement best represents infectious mononucleosis?

a. Herpes simplex type 2 is the principal cause.
b. A complete blood count shows a characteristic leukopenia.
c. A short course of ampicillin is used when pharyngitis is present.
d. Clinical signs and symptoms and blood tests are both needed to establish the diagnosis.

D

(The characteristics of the diseasemalaise, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, central nervous system manifestations, and skin lesionsare similar to presenting signs and symptoms in other diseases. Hematologic analysis (heterophil antibody and monospot) can help confirm the diagnosis. However, not all young children develop the expected laboratory findings. Herpes-like Epstein-Barr virus is the principal cause. Usually, an increase in lymphocytes is observed. Penicillin, not ampicillin, is indicated. Ampicillin is linked with a discrete macular eruption in infectious mononucleosis.)

Parents bring their 15-month-old infant to the emergency department at 3:00 AM because the toddler has a temperature of 39 C (102.2 F), is crying inconsolably, and is tugging at the ears. A diagnosis of otitis media (OM) is made. In addition to antibiotic therapy, the nurse practitioner should instruct the parents to use what medication?

a. Decongestants to ease stuffy nose
b. Antihistamines to help the child sleep
c. Aspirin for pain and fever management
d. Benzocaine ear drops for topical pain relief

D

(Analgesic ear drops can provide topical relief for the intense pain of OM. Decongestants and antihistamines are not recommended in the treatment of OM. Aspirin is contraindicated in young children because of the association with Reye syndrome.)

An 18-month-old child is seen in the clinic with otitis media (OM). Oral amoxicillin is prescribed. What instructions should be given to the parent?

a. Administer all of the prescribed medication.
b. Continue medication until all symptoms subside.
c. Immediately stop giving medication if hearing loss develops.
d. Stop giving medication and come to the clinic if fever is still present in 24 hours.

A

(Antibiotics should be given for their full course to prevent recurrence of infection with resistant bacteria. Symptoms may subside before the full course is given. Hearing loss is a complication of OM; antibiotics should continue to be given. Medication may take 24 to 48 hours to make symptoms subside.)

An infants parents ask the nurse about preventing otitis media (OM). What information should be provided?

a. Avoid tobacco smoke.
b. Use nasal decongestants.
c. Avoid children with OM.
d. Bottle- or breastfeed in a supine position.

A

(Eliminating tobacco smoke from the childs environment is essential for preventing OM and other common childhood illnesses. Nasal decongestants are not useful in preventing OM. Children with uncomplicated OM are not contagious unless they show other symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. Children should be fed in a semivertical position to prevent OM.)

Chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) differs from acute otitis media (AOM) because it is usually characterized by which signs or symptoms?

a. Severe pain in the ear
b. Anorexia and vomiting
c. A feeling of fullness in the ear
d. Fever as high as 40 C (104 F)

C

(OME is characterized by a feeling of fullness in the ear or other nonspecific complaints. OME does not cause severe pain. This may be a sign of AOM. Vomiting, anorexia, and fever are associated with AOM.)

The nurse is assessing a child with croup in the emergency department. The child has a sore throat and is drooling. Examining the child's throat using a tongue depressor might precipitate what condition?

a. Sore throat
b. Inspiratory stridor
c. Complete obstruction
d. Respiratory tract infection

C

(If a child has acute epiglottitis, examination of the throat may cause complete obstruction and should be performed only when immediate intubation can take place. Sore throat and pain on swallowing are early signs of epiglottitis. Stridor is aggravated when a child with epiglottitis is supine. Epiglottitis is caused by Haemophilus influenzae in the respiratory tract.)

The mother of a 20-month-old boy tells the nurse that he has a barking cough at night. His temperature is 37 C (98.6 F). The nurse suspects mild croup and should recommend which intervention?

a. Admit to the hospital and observe for impending epiglottitis.
b. Provide fluids that the child likes and use comfort measures.
c. Control fever with acetaminophen and call if cough gets worse tonight.
d. Try over-the-counter cough medicine and come to the clinic tomorrow if no improvement.

B

(In mild croup, therapeutic interventions include adequate hydration (as long as the child can easily drink) and comfort measures to minimize distress. The child is not exhibiting signs of epiglottitis. A temperature of 37 C is within normal limits. Although a return to the clinic may be indicated, the mother is instructed to return if the child develops noisy respirations or drooling.)

The nurse encourages the mother of a toddler with acute laryngotracheobronchitis to stay at the bedside as much as possible. What is the primary rationale for this action?

a. Mothers of hospitalized toddlers often experience guilt.
b. The mothers presence will reduce anxiety and ease the child's respiratory efforts.
c. Separation from the mother is a major developmental threat at this age.
d. The mother can provide constant observations of the child's respiratory efforts.

B

(The familys presence will decrease the childs distress. It is true that mothers of hospitalized toddlers often experience guilt and that separation from mother is a major developmental threat for toddlers, but the main reason to keep parents at the childs bedside is to ease anxiety and therefore respiratory effort.)

An infant with bronchiolitis is hospitalized. The causative organism is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The nurse knows that a child infected with this virus requires what type of isolation?

a. Reverse isolation
b. Airborne isolation
c. Contact Precautions
d. Standard Precautions

C

(RSV is transmitted through droplets. In addition to Standard Precautions and hand washing, Contact Precautions are required. Caregivers must use gloves and gowns when entering the room. Care is taken not to touch their own eyes or mucous membranes with a contaminated gloved hand. Children are placed in a private room or in a room with other children with RSV infections. Reverse isolation focuses on keeping bacteria away from the infant. With RSV, other children need to be protected from exposure to the virus. The virus is not airborne.)

An infant has been diagnosed with staphylococcal pneumonia. Nursing care of the child with pneumonia includes which intervention?

a. Administration of antibiotics
b. Frequent complete assessment of the infant
c. Round-the-clock administration of antitussive agents
d. Strict monitoring of intake and output to avoid congestive heart failure

A

(Antibiotics are indicated for bacterial pneumonia. Often the child has decreased pulmonary reserve, and clustering of care is essential. The childs respiratory rate and status and general disposition are monitored closely, but frequent complete physical assessments are not indicated. Antitussive agents are used sparingly. It is desirable for the child to cough up some of the secretions. Fluids are essential to kept secretions as liquefied as possible.)

What consideration is most important in managing tuberculosis (TB) in children?

a. Skin testing
b. Chemotherapy
c. Adequate rest
d. Adequate hydration

B

(Drug therapy for TB includes isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide daily for 2 months and isoniazid and rifampin given two or three times a week by direct observation therapy for the remaining 4 months. Chemotherapy is the most important intervention for TB.)

A toddler has a unilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge and frequent sneezing. The nurse should suspect what condition?

a. Allergies
b. Acute pharyngitis
c. Foreign body in the nose
d. Acute nasopharyngitis

C

(The irritation of a foreign body in the nose produces local mucosal swelling with foul-smelling nasal discharge, local obstruction with sneezing, and mild discomfort. Allergies would produce clear bilateral nasal discharge. Nasal discharge is usually not associated with pharyngitis. Acute nasopharyngitis would have bilateral mucous discharge.)

The nurse is caring for a child with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with sepsis. What nursing action should be included in the care of the child?

a. Force fluids.
b. Monitor pulse oximetry.
c. Institute seizure precautions.
d. Encourage a high-protein diet

B

(Careful monitoring of oxygenation and cardiopulmonary status is an important evaluation tool in the care of the child with ARDS. Maintenance of vascular volume and hydration is important and should be done parenterally. Seizures are not a side effect of ARDS. Adequate nutrition is necessary, but a high-protein diet is not helpful.)

The nurse is caring for a child with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning associated with smoke inhalation. What intervention is essential in this child's care?

a. Monitor pulse oximetry.
b. Monitor arterial blood gases.
c. Administer oxygen if respiratory distress develops.
d. Administer oxygen if child's lips become bright, cherry-red in color.

B

(Arterial blood gases are the best way to monitor CO poisoning. Pulse oximetry is contraindicated in the case of CO poisoning because the PaO2 may be normal. One hundred percent oxygen should be given as quickly as possible, not only if respiratory distress or other symptoms develop.)

What diagnostic test for allergies involves the injection of specific allergens?

a. Phadiatop
b. Skin testing
c. Radioallergosorbent tests (RAST)
d. Blood examination for total immunoglobulin E (IgE)

B

(Skin testing is the most commonly used diagnostic test for allergy. A specific allergen is injected under the skin, and after a suitable time, the size of the resultant wheal is measured to determine the patients sensitivity. Phadiatop is a screening test that uses a blood sample to assess for IgE antibodies for a group of specific allergens. RAST determines the level of specific IgE antibodies. Blood examination for total IgE would not distinguish among allergens.)

What statement is the most descriptive of asthma?

a. It is inherited.
b. There is heightened airway reactivity.
c. There is decreased resistance in the airway.
d. The single cause of asthma is an allergic hypersensitivity.

B

(In asthma, spasm of the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles causes constriction, producing impaired respiratory function. Atopy, or development of an immunoglobulin E (IgE)mediated response, is inherited but is not the only cause of asthma. Asthma is characterized by increased resistance in the airway. Asthma has multiple causes, including allergens, irritants, exercise, cold air, infections, medications, medical conditions, and endocrine factors.)

What condition is the leading cause of chronic illness in children?

a. Asthma
b. Pertussis
c. Tuberculosis
d. Cystic fibrosis

A

(Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood, the primary cause of school absences, and the third leading cause of hospitalization in children younger than the age of 15 years. Pertussis is not a chronic illness. Tuberculosis is not a significant factor in childhood chronic illness. Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic illness among white children.)

A child has a chronic cough and diffuse wheezing during the expiratory phase of respiration. This suggests what condition?

a. Asthma
b. Pneumonia
c. Bronchiolitis
d. Foreign body in trachea

A

(Asthma may have these chronic signs and symptoms. Pneumonia appears with an acute onset, fever, and general malaise. Bronchiolitis is an acute condition caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Foreign body in the trachea occurs with acute respiratory distress or failure and maybe stridor.)

A child with asthma is having pulmonary function tests. What rationale explains the purpose of the peak expiratory flow rate?

a. To assess severity of asthma
b. To determine cause of asthma
c. To identify triggers of asthma
d. To confirm diagnosis of asthma

A

(Peak expiratory flow rate monitoring is used to monitor the childs current pulmonary function. It can be used to manage exacerbations and for daily long-term management. The cause of asthma is known. Asthma is caused by a complex interaction among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues present in the airways. The triggers of asthma are determined through history taking and immunologic and other testing. The diagnosis of asthma is made through clinical manifestations, history, physical examination, and laboratory testing.)

Children who are taking long-term inhaled steroids should be assessed frequently for what potential complication?

a. Cough
b. Osteoporosis
c. Slowed growth
d. Cushing syndrome

C

(The growth of children on long-term inhaled steroids should be assessed frequently to evaluate systemic effects of these drugs. Cough is prevented by inhaled steroids. No evidence exists that inhaled steroids cause osteoporosis. Cushing syndrome is caused by long-term systemic steroids.)

One of the goals for children with asthma is to maintain the child's normal functioning. What principle of treatment helps to accomplish this goal?

a. Limit participation in sports.
b. Reduce underlying inflammation.
c. Minimize use of pharmacologic agents.
d. Have yearly evaluations by a health care provider.

B

(Children with asthma are often excluded from exercise. This practice interferes with peer interaction and physical health. Most children with asthma can participate provided their asthma is under control. Inflammation is the underlying cause of the symptoms of asthma. By decreasing inflammation and reducing the symptomatic airway narrowing, health care providers can minimize exacerbations. Pharmacologic agents are used to prevent and control asthma symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations, and reverse airflow obstruction. It is recommended that children with asthma be evaluated every 6 months.)

What drug is usually given first in the emergency treatment of an acute, severe asthma episode in a young child?

a. Ephedrine
b. Theophylline
c. Aminophylline
d. Short-acting b2-agonists

D

(Short-acting b2-agonists are the first treatment in an acute asthma exacerbation. Ephedrine and aminophylline are not helpful in acute asthma exacerbations. Theophylline is unnecessary for treating asthma exacerbations.)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) may affect single or multiple systems of the body. What is the primary factor responsible for possible multiple clinical manifestations in CF?

a. Hyperactivity of sweat glands
b. Hypoactivity of autonomic nervous system
c. Atrophic changes in mucosal wall of intestines
d. Mechanical obstruction caused by increased viscosity of mucous gland secretions

D

(The mucous glands produce a thick mucoprotein that accumulates and results in dilation. Small passages in organs such as the pancreas and bronchioles become obstructed as secretions form concretions in the glands and ducts. The exocrine glands, not sweat glands, are dysfunctional. Although abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system are present, it is not hypoactive. Intestinal involvement in CF results from the thick intestinal secretions, which can lead to blockage and rectal prolapse.)

What is the earliest recognizable clinical manifestation(s) of cystic fibrosis (CF)?

a. Meconium ileus
b. History of poor intestinal absorption
c. Foul-smelling, frothy, greasy stools
d. Recurrent pneumonia and lung infections

A

(The earliest clinical manifestation of CF is a meconium ileus, which is found in about 10% of children with CF. Clinical manifestations include abdominal distention, vomiting, failure to pass stools, and rapid development of dehydration. History of malabsorption is a later sign that manifests as failure to thrive. Foul-smelling stools and recurrent respiratory infections are later manifestations of CF.)

What tests aid in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF)?

a. Sweat test, stool for fat, chest radiography
b. Sweat test, bronchoscopy, duodenal fluid analysis
c. Sweat test, stool for trypsin, biopsy of intestinal mucosa
d. Stool for fat, gastric contents for hydrochloride, radiography

A

(A sweat test result of greater than 60 mEq/L is diagnostic of CF, a high level of fecal fat is a gastrointestinal manifestation of CF, and a chest radiograph showing patchy atelectasis and obstructive emphysema indicates CF. Bronchoscopy, duodenal fluid analysis, stool tests for trypsin, and intestinal biopsy are not helpful in diagnosing CF. Gastric contents normally contain hydrochloride; it is not diagnostic.)

A child with cystic fibrosis (CF) receives aerosolized bronchodilator medication. When should this medication be administered?

a. After chest physiotherapy (CPT)
b. Before chest physiotherapy (CPT)
c. After receiving 100% oxygen
d. Before receiving 100% oxygen

B

(Bronchodilators should be given before CPT to open bronchi and make expectoration easier. These medications are not helpful when used after CPT. Oxygen is administered only in acute episodes, with caution, because of chronic carbon dioxide retention.)

A child with cystic fibrosis is receiving recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (DNase). What statement about DNase is true?

a. Given subcutaneously
b. May cause voice alterations
c. May cause mucus to thicken
d. Not indicated for children younger than age 12 years

B

(One of the only adverse effects of DNase is voice alterations and laryngitis. DNase is given in an aerosolized form, decreases the viscosity of mucus, and is safe for children younger than 12 years.)

The parent of a child with cystic fibrosis (CF) calls the clinic nurse to report that the child has developed tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, pallor, and cyanosis. The nurse should tell the parent to bring the child to the clinic because these signs and symptoms are suggestive of what condition?

a. Pneumothorax
b. Bronchodilation
c. Carbon dioxide retention
d. Increased viscosity of sputum

A

(Usually the signs of pneumothorax are nonspecific. Tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, pallor, and cyanosis are significant signs and symptoms and are indicative of respiratory distress caused by pneumothorax. If the bronchial tubes were dilated, the child would have decreased work of breathing and would most likely be asymptomatic. Carbon dioxide retention is a result of the chronic alveolar hypoventilation in CF. Hypoxia replaces carbon dioxide as the drive for respiration progresses. Increased viscosity would result in more difficulty clearing secretions.)

Pancreatic enzymes are administered to the child with cystic fibrosis. What nursing consideration should be included in the plan of care?

a. Give pancreatic enzymes between meals if at all possible.
b. Do not administer pancreatic enzymes if the child is receiving antibiotics.
c. Decrease the dose of pancreatic enzymes if the child is having frequent, bulky stools.
d. Pancreatic enzymes can be swallowed whole or sprinkled on a small amount of food taken at the beginning of a meal.

D

(Enzymes may be administered in a small amount of cereal or fruit at the beginning of a meal or swallowed whole. Enzymes should be given just before meals and snacks. Pancreatic enzymes are not a contraindication for antibiotics. The dose of enzymes should be increased if child is having frequent, bulky stools.)

The nurse is giving discharge instructions to the parents of a 5-year-old child who had a tonsillectomy 4 hours ago. What statement by the parent indicates a correct understanding of the teaching?

a. I can use an ice collar on my child for pain control along with analgesics.
b. My child should clear the throat frequently to clear the secretions.
c. I should allow my child to be as active as tolerated.
d. My child should gargle and brush teeth at least three times per day.

A

(Pain control after a tonsillectomy can be achieved with application of an ice collar and administration of analgesics. The child should avoid clearing the throat or coughing and does not need to gargle and brush teeth a certain number of times per day and should avoid vigorous gargling and toothbrushing. Also, the childs activity should be limited to decrease the potential for bleeding, at least for the first few days.)

A child is admitted with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB). The child will most likely be treated with which?

a. Racemic epinephrine and corticosteroids
b. Nebulizer treatments and oxygen
c. Antibiotics and albuterol
d. Chest physiotherapy and humidity

A

(Nebulized epinephrine (racemic epinephrine) is now used in children with LTB that is not alleviated with cool mist. The beta-adrenergic effects cause mucosal vasoconstriction and subsequent decreased subglottic edema. The use of corticosteroids is beneficial because the anti-inflammatory effects decrease subglottic edema. Nebulizer treatments are not effective even though oxygen may be required. Antibiotics are not used because it is a viral infection. Chest physiotherapy would not be instituted.)

A 6-year-old child has had a tonsillectomy. The child is spitting up small amounts of dark brown blood in the immediate postoperative period. The nurse should take what action?

a. Notify the health care provider.
b. Continue to assess for bleeding.
c. Give the child a red flavored ice pop.
d. Position the child in a Trendelenburg position.

B

(Some secretions, particularly dried blood from surgery, are common after a tonsillectomy. Inspect all secretions and vomitus for evidence of fresh bleeding (some blood-tinged mucus is expected). Dark brown (old) blood is usually present in the emesis, as well as in the nose and between the teeth. Small amounts of dark brown blood should be further monitored. A red-flavored ice pop should not be given and the Trendelenburg position is not recommended.)

A 3-year-old child is experiencing pain after a tonsillectomy. The child has not taken in any fluids and does not want to drink anything, saying, My tummy hurts. The following health care prescriptions are available: acetaminophen (Tylenol) PO (orally) or PR (rectally) PRN, ice chips, clear liquids. What should the nurse implement to relieve the child's pain?

a. Ice chips
b. Tylenol PO
c. Tylenol PR
d. Popsicle

C

(The throat is very sore after a tonsillectomy. Most children experience moderate pain after a tonsillectomy and need pain medication at regular intervals for at least the first 24 hours. Analgesics may need to be given rectally or intravenously to avoid the oral route.)

A 1-year-old child has acute otitis media (AOM) and is being treated with oral antibiotics. What should the nurse include in the discharge teaching to the infants parents?

a. A follow-up visit should be done after all medicine has been given.
b. After an episode of acute otitis media, hearing loss usually occurs.
c. Tylenol should not be given because it may mask symptoms.
d. The infant will probably need a myringotomy procedure and tubes.

A

(Children with AOM should be seen after antibiotic therapy is complete to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and to identify potential complications, such as effusion or hearing impairment. Hearing loss does not usually occur with acute otitis media. Tylenol should be given for pain, and the infant will not necessarily need a myringotomy procedure.)

What do the initial signs of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in an infant include?

a. Rhinorrhea, wheezing, and fever
b. Tachypnea, cyanosis, and apnea
c. Retractions, fever, and listlessness
d. Poor breath sounds and air hunger

A

(Symptoms such as rhinorrhea and a low-grade fever often appear first. OM and conjunctivitis may also be present. In time, a cough may develop. Wheezing is an initial sign as well. Progression of illness brings on the symptoms of tachypnea, retractions, poor breath sounds, cyanosis, air hunger, and apnea.)

The nurse is caring for a 1-month-old infant with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) who is receiving 23% oxygen via a plastic hood. The childs SaO2 saturation is 88%, respiratory rate is 45 breaths/min, and pulse is 140 beats/min. Based on these assessments, what action should the nurse take?

a. Withhold feedings.
b. Notify the health care provider.
c. Put the infant in an infant seat.
d. Keep the infant in the plastic hood.

B

(The American Academy of Pediatrics practice parameter (2006) recommends the use of supplemental oxygen if the infant fails to maintain a consistent oxygen saturation of at least 90%. The health care provider should be notified of the saturation reading of 88%. Withholding the feedings or placing the infant in an infant seat would not increase the saturation reading. The infant should be kept in the hood, but because the saturation reading is 88%, the health care provider should be notified to obtain orders to increase the oxygen concentration.)

A 5-year-old child is admitted with bacterial pneumonia. What signs and symptoms should the nurse expect to assess with this disease process?

a. Fever, cough, and chest pain
b. Stridor, wheezing, and ear infection
c. Nasal discharge, headache, and cough
d. Pharyngitis, intermittent fever, and eye infection

A

(Children with bacterial pneumonia usually appear ill. Symptoms include fever, malaise, rapid and shallow respirations, cough, and chest pain. Ear infection, nasal discharge, and eye infection are not symptoms of bacterial pneumonia.)

An infant with a congenital heart defect is to receive a dose of palivizumab (Synagis). What is the purpose of this?

a. Prevent RSV infection.
b. Prevent secondary bacterial infection.
c. Decrease toxicity of antiviral agents.
d. Make isolation of infant with RSV unnecessary.

A

(The only product available in the United States for prevention of RSV is palivizumab, a humanized mouse monoclonal antibody, which is given once every 30 days (15 mg/kg) between November and March. It is given to high-risk infants, which includes an infant with a congenital heart defect.)

A 3-year-old is brought to the emergency department with symptoms of stridor, fever, restlessness, and drooling. No coughing is observed. Based on these findings, the nurse should be prepared to assist with what action?

a. Throat culture
b. Nasal pharynx washing
c. Administration of corticosteroids
d. Emergency intubation

D

(Three clinical observations that are predictive of epiglottitis are absence of spontaneous cough, presence of drooling, and agitation. Nasotracheal intubation or tracheostomy is usually considered for a child with epiglottitis with severe respiratory distress. The throat should not be inspected because airway obstruction can occur, and steroids would not be done first when the child is in severe respiratory distress.)

A 3-year-old child woke up in the middle of the night with a croupy cough and inspiratory stridor. The parents bring the child to the emergency department, but by the time they arrive, the cough is gone, and the stridor has resolved. What can the nurse teach the parents with regard to this type of croup?

a. A bath in tepid water can help resolve this type of croup.
b. Tylenol can help to relieve the cough and stridor.
c. A cool mist vaporizer at the bedside can help prevent this type of croup.
d. Antibiotics need to be given to reduce the inflammation.

C

(Acute spasmodic laryngitis (spasmodic croup, midnight croup, or twilight croup) is distinct from laryngitis and LTB and characterized by paroxysmal attacks of laryngeal obstruction that occur chiefly at night. The child goes to bed well or with some mild respiratory symptoms but awakens suddenly with characteristic barking; a metallic cough; hoarseness; noisy inspirations; and restlessness. However, there is no fever, and the episode subsides in a few hours. Children with spasmodic croup are managed at home. Cool mist is recommended for the childs room. A tepid water bath will not help, but steam provided by hot water may relieve the laryngeal spasm. The child will not need Tylenol, and antibiotics are not given for this type of croup.)

A 3-month-old infant is admitted to the pediatric unit for treatment of bronchiolitis. The infants vital signs are T, 101.6 F; P, 106 beats/min apical; and R, 70 breaths/min. The infant is irritable and fussy and coughs frequently. IV fluids are given via a peripheral venipuncture. Fluids by mouth were initially contraindicated for what reason?

a. Tachypnea
b. Paroxysmal cough
c. Irritability
d. Fever

A

(Fluids by mouth may be contraindicated because of tachypnea, weakness, and fatigue. Therefore, IV fluids are preferred until the acute stage of bronchiolitis has passed. Infants with bronchiolitis may have paroxysmal coughing, but fluids by mouth would not be contraindicated. Irritability or fever would not be reasons for fluids by mouth to be contraindicated.)

A child is in the hospital for cystic fibrosis. What health care providers prescription should the nurse clarify before implementing?

a. Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) nebulizer treatment bid
b. Pancreatic enzymes every 6 hours
c. Vitamin A, D, E, and K supplements daily
d. Proventil (albuterol) nebulizer treatments tid

B

(The principal treatment for pancreatic insufficiency that occurs in cystic fibrosis is replacement of pancreatic enzymes, which are administered with meals and snacks to ensure that digestive enzymes are mixed with food in the duodenum. The enzymes should not be given every 6 hours, so this should be clarified before implementing this prescription. Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) is given by nebulizer to decrease the viscosity of secretions, vitamin supplements are given daily, and Proventil nebulizer treatments are given to open the bronchi for easier expectoration.)

A 6-year-old child is in the hospital for status asthmaticus. Nursing care during this acute period includes which prescribed interventions?

a. Prednisolone (Pediapred) PO every day, IV fluids, cromolyn (Intal) inhaler bid
b. Salmeterol (Serevent) PO bid, vital signs every 4 hours, spot check pulse oximetry
c. Triamcinolone (Azmacort) inhaler bid, continuous pulse oximetry, vital signs once a shift
d. Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol) IV every 12 hours, continuous pulse oximetry, albuterol nebulizer treatments every 4 hours and prn

D

(The child in status asthmaticus should be placed on continuous cardiorespiratory (including blood pressure) and pulse oximetry monitoring. A systemic corticosteroid (oral, IV, or IM) may also be given to decrease the effects of inflammation. Inhaled aerosolized short-acting b2-agonists are recommended for all patients. Therefore, Solumedrol per IV, continuous pulse oximetry, and albuterol nebulizer treatments are the expected prescribed treatments. Oral medications would not be used during the acute stage of status asthmaticus. Vital signs once a shift and spot pulse oximetry checks would not be often enough.)

In providing nourishment for a child with cystic fibrosis (CF), what factors should the nurse keep in mind?

a. Fats and proteins must be greatly curtailed.
b. Most fruits and vegetables are not well tolerated.
c. Diet should be high in calories, proteins, and unrestricted fats.
d. Diet should be low fat but high in calories and proteins.

C

(Children with CF require a well-balanced, high-protein, high-caloric diet, with unrestricted fat (because of the impaired intestinal absorption).)

A quantitative sweat chloride test has been done on an 8-month-old child. What value should be indicative of cystic fibrosis (CF)?

a. Less than 18 mEq/L
b. 18 to 40 mEq/L
c. 40 to 60 mEq/L
d. Greater than 60 mEq/L

D

(Normally sweat chloride content is less than 40 mEq/L, with a mean of 18 mEq/L. A chloride concentration greater than 60 mEq/L is diagnostic of CF; in infants younger than 3 months, a sweat chloride concentration greater than 40 mEq/L is highly suggestive of CF.)

A preschool child has asthma, and a goal is to extend expiratory time and increase expiratory effectiveness. What action should the nurse implement to meet this goal?

a. Encourage increased fluid intake.
b. Recommend increased use of a budesonide (Pulmicort) inhaler.
c. Administer an antitussive to suppress coughing.
d. Encourage the child to blow a pinwheel every 6 hours while awake.

D

(Play techniques that can be used for younger children to extend their expiratory time and increase expiratory pressure include blowing cotton balls or a ping-pong ball on a table, blowing a pinwheel, blowing bubbles, or preventing a tissue from falling by blowing it against the wall. Increased fluids, increased use of a Pulmicort inhaler, or suppressing a cough will not increase expiratory effectiveness.)

A school-age child has asthma. The nurse should teach the child that if a peak expiratory flow rate is in the yellow zone, this means that the asthma control is what?

a. 80% of a personal best, and the routine treatment plan can be followed.
b. 50% to 79% of a personal best and needs an increase in the usual therapy.
c. 50 % of a personal best and needs immediate emergency bronchodilators.
d. Less than 50% of a personal best and needs immediate hospitalization.

B

(The interpretation of a peak expiratory flow rate that is yellow (50%79% of personal best) signals caution. Asthma is not well controlled. An acute exacerbation may be present. Maintenance therapy may need to be increased. Call the practitioner if the child stays in this zone.)

A family requires home care teaching with regard to preventative measures to use at home to avoid an asthmatic episode. What strategy should the nurse teach?

a. Use a humidifier in the child's room.
b. Launder bedding daily in cold water.
c. Replace wood flooring with carpet.
d. Use an indoor air purifier with HEPA filter.

D

(Allergen control includes use of an indoor air purifier with HEPA filter. Humidity should be kept low, bedding laundered in hot water once a week, and carpet replaced with wood floors.)

A school-age child with cystic fibrosis takes four enzyme capsules with meals. The child is having four or five bowel movements per day. The nurses action in regard to the pancreatic enzymes is based on the knowledge that the dosage is what?

a. Adequate
b. Adequate but should be taken between meals
c. Needs to be increased to increase the number of bowel movements per day
d. Needs to be increased to decrease the number of bowel movements per day

D

(The amount of enzyme is adjusted to achieve normal growth and a decrease in the number of stools to one or two per day.)

A term infant is delivered, and before delivery, the medical team was notified that a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) was diagnosed on ultrasonography. What should be done immediately at birth if respiratory distress is noted?

a. Give oxygen.
b. Suction the infant.
c. Intubate the infant.
d. Ventilate the infant with a bag and mask.

C

(Many infants with a CDH require immediate respiratory assistance, which includes endotracheal intubation and GI decompression with a double-lumen catheter to prevent further respiratory compromise. At birth, bag and mask ventilation is contraindicated to prevent air from entering the stomach and especially the intestines, further compromising pulmonary function. Oxygen and suctioning may be used for mild respiratory distress.)

A child has a streptococcal throat infection and is being treated with antibiotics. What should the nurse teach the parents to prevent infection of others?

a. The child can return to school immediately.
b. The organism cannot be transmitted through contact.
c. The child can return to school after taking antibiotics for 24 hours.
d. The organism can only be transmitted if someone uses a personal item of the sick child.

C

(Children with streptococcal infection are noninfectious to others 24 hours after initiation of antibiotic therapy. It is generally recommended that children not return to school or daycare until they have been taking antibiotics for a full 24-hour period. The organism is spread by close contact with affected personsdirect projection of large droplets or physical transfer of respiratory secretions containing the organism.)

What medication is contraindicated in children post tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy?

a. Codeine
b. Ondansetron (Zofran)
b. Amoxil (amoxicillin)
c. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

A

(Codeine is contraindicated in pediatric patients after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. In 2012, the Food and Drug Administration issued a Drug Safety Communication that codeine use in certain children after tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy may lead to rare but life-threatening adverse events or death. Zofran, amoxicillin, and Tylenol are not contraindicated after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.)

1. The nurse is teaching nursing students about normal physiologic changes in the respiratory system of toddlers. Which best describes why toddlers have fewer respiratory tract infections as they grow older?

a. The amount of lymphoid tissue decreases.
b. Repeated exposure to organisms causes increased immunity.
c. Viral organisms are less prevalent in the population.
d. Secondary infections rarely occur after viral illnesses.

ANS: B

Children have increased immunity after exposure to a virus. The amount of lymphoid tissue increases as children grow older. Viral organisms are not less prevalent, but older children have the ability to resist invading organisms. Secondary infections after viral illnesses include Mycoplasma pneumoniae and group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections.

2. A nurse is charting that a hospitalized child has labored breathing. Which describes labored breathing?

a. Dyspnea
b. Tachypnea
c. Hypopnea
d. Orthopnea

ANS: A

Dyspnea is labored breathing. Tachypnea is rapid breathing. Hypopnea is breathing that is too shallow. Orthopnea is difficulty breathing except in upright position.

3. Which explains why cool-mist vaporizers rather than steam vaporizers are recommended in home treatment of childhood respiratory tract infections?

a. They are safer.
b. They are less expensive.
c. Respiratory secretions are dried.
d. A more comfortable environment is produced.

ANS: A

Cool-mist vaporizers are safer than steam vaporizers, and little evidence exists to show any advantages to steam. The cost of cool-mist and steam vaporizers is comparable. Steam loosens secretions, not dries them. Both may promote a more comfortable environment, but cool-mist vaporizers present decreased risk for burns and growth of organisms.

4. Decongestant nose drops are recommended for a 10-month-old infant with an upper respiratory tract infection. Instructions for nose drops should include which action?

a. Avoid using for more than 3 days.
b. Keep drops to use again for nasal congestion.
c. Administer drops until nasal congestion subsides.
d. Administer drops after feedings and at bedtime.

ANS: A

Vasoconstrictive nose drops such as phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) should not be used for more than 3 days to avoid rebound congestion. Drops should be discarded after one illness because they may become contaminated with bacteria. Vasoconstrictive nose drops can have a rebound effect after 3 days of use. Drops administered before feedings are more helpful.

5. Which is an appropriate nursing intervention when caring for an infant with an upper respiratory tract infection and elevated temperature?

a. Give tepid water baths to reduce fever.
b. Encourage food intake to maintain caloric needs.
c. Have child wear heavy clothing to prevent chilling.
d. Give small amounts of favorite fluids frequently to prevent dehydration.

ANS: D

Preventing dehydration by small frequent feedings is an important intervention in the febrile child. Tepid water baths may induce shivering, which raises temperature. Food should not be forced; it may result in the child vomiting. The febrile child should be dressed in light, loose clothing.

11. An 18-month-old child is seen in the clinic with AOM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) is prescribed. Which statement made by the parent indicates a correct understanding of the instructions?

a. "I should administer all the prescribed medication."
b. "I should continue medication until the symptoms subside."
c. "I will immediately stop giving medication if I notice a change in hearing."
d. "I will stop giving medication if fever is still present in 24 hours."

ANS: A

Antibiotics should be given for their full course to prevent recurrence of infection with resistant bacteria. Symptoms may subside before the full course is given. Hearing loss is a complication of AOM. Antibiotics should continue to be given. Medication may take 24 to 48 hours to make symptoms subside. It should be continued.

6. The parent of an infant with nasopharyngitis should be instructed to notify the health professional if the infant displays which clinical manifestation?

a. Fussiness
b. Coughing
c. A fever over 99° F
d. Signs of an earache

ANS: D

If an infant with nasopharyngitis shows signs of an earache, it may mean a secondary bacterial infection is present and the infant should be referred to a practitioner for evaluation.
Irritability is common in an infant with a viral illness. Cough can be a sign of nasopharyngitis.
Fever is common in viral illnesses.

18. Which consideration is the most important in managing tuberculosis (TB) in children?

a. Skin testing annually
b. Pharmacotherapy
c. Adequate nutrition
d. Adequate hydration

ANS: B

Drug therapy for TB includes isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide daily for 2 months and two or three times a week for the remaining 4 months. Pharmacotherapy is the most important intervention for TB.

7. It is generally recommended that a child with acute streptococcal pharyngitis can return to school:

a. when sore throat is better.
b. if no complications develop.
c. after taking antibiotics for 24 hours.
d. after taking antibiotics for 3 days.

ANS: C

After children have taken antibiotics for 24 hours, they are no longer contagious to other children. Sore throat may persist longer than 24 hours after beginning antibiotic therapy, but the child is no longer considered contagious. Complications may take days to weeks to develop.

19. The mother of a toddler yells to the nurse, "Help! He is choking to death on his food." The nurse determines that lifesaving measures are necessary based on which symptom?

a. Gagging
b. Coughing
c. Pulse over 100 beats/min
d. Inability to speak

ANS: D

The inability to speak is indicative of a foreign-body airway obstruction of the larynx. Abdominal thrusts are needed for treatment of the choking child. Gagging indicates irritation at the back of the throat, not obstruction. Coughing does not indicate a complete airway obstruction. Tachycardia may be present for many reasons.

8. A child is diagnosed with influenza, probably type A disease. Management includes which recommendation?

a. Clear liquid diet for hydration
b. Aspirin to control fever
c. Amantadine hydrochloride (Symmetrel) to reduce symptoms
d. Antibiotics to prevent bacterial infection

ANS: C

Amantadine hydrochloride may reduce symptoms related to influenza A if administered within 24 to 48 hours of onset. It is ineffective against type B or C. A clear liquid diet is not necessary for influenza, but maintaining hydration is important. Aspirin is not recommended in children because of increased risk of Reye syndrome. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen is a better choice. Preventive antibiotics are not indicated for influenza unless there is evidence of a secondary bacterial infection.

23. A nurse is conducting an in-service on asthma. Which statement is the most descriptive of bronchial asthma?

a. There is heightened airway reactivity.
b. There is decreased resistance in the airway.
c. The single cause of asthma is an allergic hypersensitivity.
d. It is inherited.

ANS: A

In bronchial asthma, spasm of the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles causes constriction, producing impaired respiratory function. In bronchial asthma, there is increased resistance in the airway. There are multiple causes of asthma, including allergens, irritants, exercise, cold air, infections, medications, medical conditions, and endocrine factors. Atopy or development of an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated response is inherited but is not the only cause of asthma.

9. Chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) is differentiated from acute otitis media (AOM) because it is usually characterized by:

a. a fever as high as 40° C (104° F).
b. severe pain in the ear.
c. nausea and vomiting.
d. a feeling of fullness in the ear.

ANS: D

OME is characterized by feeling of fullness in the ear or other nonspecific complaints. Fever is a sign of AOM. OME does not cause severe pain. This may be a sign of AOM. Nausea and vomiting are associated with otitis media.

24. A child is admitted to the hospital with asthma. Which assessment findings support this diagnosis?

a. Nonproductive cough, wheezing
b. Fever, general malaise
c. Productive cough, rales
d. Stridor, substernal retractions

ANS: A

Asthma presents with a nonproductive cough and wheezing. Pneumonia appears with an acute onset, fever, and general malaise. A productive cough and rales would be indicative of pneumonia. Stridor and substernal retractions are indicative of croup.

10. Parents have understood teaching about prevention of childhood otitis media if they make which statement?

a. "We will only prop the bottle during the daytime feedings."
b. "Breastfeeding will be discontinued after 4 months of age."
c. "We will place the child flat right after feedings."
d. "We will be sure to keep immunizations up to date."

ANS: D

Parents have understood the teaching about preventing childhood otitis media if they respond they will keep childhood immunizations up to date. The child should be maintained upright during feedings and after. Otitis media can be prevented by exclusively breastfeeding until at least 6 months of age. Propping bottles is discouraged to avoid pooling of milk while the child is in the supine position.

25. It is now recommended that children with asthma who are taking long-term inhaled steroids should be assessed frequently because which disease or assessment findings may develop?

a. Cough
b. Osteoporosis
c. Slowed growth
d. Cushing syndrome

ANS: C

The growth of children on long-term inhaled steroids should be assessed frequently to assess for systemic effects of these drugs. Cough is prevented by inhaled steroids. No evidence exists that inhaled steroids cause osteoporosis. Cushing syndrome is caused by long-term systemic steroids.

29. Parents of a child with cystic fibrosis ask the nurse about genetic implications of the disorder.
Which statement, made by the nurse, expresses accurately the genetic implications?

a. If it is present in a child, both parents are carriers of this defective gene.
b. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
c. It is a genetic defect found primarily in non-Caucasian population groups.
d. There is a 50% chance that siblings of an affected child also will be affected.

ANS: A

CF is an autosomal recessive gene inherited from both parents and is inherited as an autosomal recessive, not autosomal dominant, trait. CF is found primarily in Caucasian populations. An autosomal recessive inheritance pattern means that there is a 25% chance a sibling will be infected but a 50% chance a sibling will be a carrier.

12. An infant's parents ask the nurse about preventing OM. Which should be recommended?

a. Avoid tobacco smoke.
b. Use nasal decongestant.
c. Avoid children with OM.
d. Bottle-feed or breastfeed in supine position.

ANS: A

Eliminating tobacco smoke from the child's environment is essential for preventing OM and other common childhood illnesses. Nasal decongestants are not useful in preventing OM. Children with uncomplicated OM are not contagious unless they show other upper respiratory tract infection (URI) symptoms. Children should be fed in an upright position to prevent OM.

32. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is suspected in a toddler. Which test is essential in establishing this diagnosis?

a. Bronchoscopy
b. Serum calcium
c. Urine creatinine
d. Sweat chloride test

ANS: D

A sweat chloride test result greater than 60 mEq/L is diagnostic of CF. Bronchoscopy, although helpful for identifying bacterial infection in children with CF, is not diagnostic. Serum calcium is normal in children with CF. Urine creatinine is not diagnostic of CF.

13. The nurse is assessing a child with acute epiglottitis. Examining the child's throat by using a tongue depressor might precipitate which symptom or condition?

a. Inspiratory stridor
b. Complete obstruction
c. Sore throat
d. Respiratory tract infection

ANS: B

If a child has acute epiglottitis, examination of the throat may cause complete obstruction and should be performed only when immediate intubation can take place. Stridor is aggravated when a child with epiglottitis is supine. Sore throat and pain on swallowing are early signs of epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is caused by H. influenzae in the respiratory tract.

35. Pancreatic enzymes are administered to the child with cystic fibrosis (CF). Nursing considerations should include to:

a. not administer pancreatic enzymes if child is receiving antibiotics.
b. decrease dose of pancreatic enzymes if child is having frequent, bulky stools.
c. administer pancreatic enzymes between meals if at all possible.
d. pancreatic enzymes can be swallowed whole or sprinkled on a small amount of food taken at the beginning of a meal.

ANS: D

Enzymes may be administered in a small amount of cereal or fruit at the beginning of a meal or swallowed whole. Pancreatic enzymes are not a contraindication for antibiotics. The dosage of enzymes should be increased if child is having frequent, bulky stools. Enzymes should be given just before meals and snacks.

14. Which type of croup is always considered a medical emergency?

a. Laryngitis
b. Epiglottitis
c. Spasmodic croup
d. Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)

ANS: B

Epiglottitis is always a medical emergency needing antibiotics and airway support for treatment. Laryngitis is a common viral illness in older children and adolescents, with hoarseness and URI symptoms. Spasmodic croup is treated with humidity. LTB may progress to a medical emergency in some children.

37. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is begun on a toddler. Which pulse is usually palpated because it is the most central and accessible?

a. Radial
b. Carotid
c. Femoral
d. Brachial

ANS: B

In a toddler, the carotid pulse is palpated. The radial pulse is not considered a central pulse. The femoral pulse is not the most central and accessible. Brachial pulse is felt in infants younger than 1 year.

15. The nurse encourages the mother of a toddler with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) to stay at the bedside as much as possible. The nurse's rationale for this action is described primarily in which statement?

a. Mothers of hospitalized toddlers often experience guilt.
b. The mother's presence will reduce anxiety and ease child's respiratory efforts.
c. Separation from mother is a major developmental threat at this age.
d. The mother can provide constant observations of the child's respiratory efforts.

ANS: B

The family's presence will decrease the child's distress. It is true that mothers of hospitalized toddlers often experience guilt but this is not the best answer. The main reason to keep parents at the child's bedside is to ease anxiety and therefore respiratory effort. The child should have constant monitoring by cardiorespiratory monitor and noninvasive oxygen saturation monitoring, but the parent should not play this role in the hospital.

38. Which drug is considered the most useful in treating childhood cardiac arrest?

a. Bretylium tosylate (Bretylium)
b. Lidocaine hydrochloride (Lidocaine)
c. Epinephrine hydrochloride (Adrenaline)
d. Naloxone (Narcan)

ANS: C

Epinephrine works on alpha and beta receptors in the heart and is the most useful drug in childhood cardiac arrest. Bretylium is no longer used in pediatric cardiac arrest management. Lidocaine is used for ventricular arrhythmias only. Naloxone is useful only to reverse effects of opioids.

16. A school-age child had an upper respiratory tract infection for several days and then began having a persistent dry, hacking cough that was worse at night. The cough has become productive in the past 24 hours. This is most suggestive of which diagnosis?

a. Bronchitis
b. Bronchiolitis
c. Viral-induced asthma
d. Acute spasmodic laryngitis

ANS: A

Bronchitis is characterized by these symptoms and occurs in children older than 6 years. Bronchiolitis is rare in children older than 2 years. Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airways that may be exacerbated by a virus. Acute spasmodic laryngitis occurs in children between 3 months and 3 years.

39. Effective lone-rescuer CPR on a 5-year-old child should include

a. two breaths to every 30 chest compressions.
b. two breaths to every 15 chest compressions.
c. reassessment of child after 50 cycles of compression and ventilation.
d. reassessment of child every 10 minutes that CPR continues.

ANS: A

Lone-rescuer CPR is two breaths to 30 compressions for all ages until signs of recovery occur. Reassessment of the child should take place after 20 cycles or 1 minute.

17. Which frequency is recommended for childhood skin testing for tuberculosis (TB) using the Mantoux test?

a. Every year for all children older than 2 years
b. Every year for all children older than 10 years
c. Every 2 years for all children starting at age 1 year
d. Periodically for children who reside in high-prevalence regions

ANS: D

Children who reside in high-prevalence regions for TB should be tested every 2 to 3 years. Annual testing is not necessary. Testing is not necessary unless exposure is likely or an underlying medical risk factor is present.

40. The Heimlich maneuver is recommended for airway obstruction in children older than _____ year(s).

a. 1
b. 4
c. 8
d. 12

ANS: A

The Heimlich maneuver is recommended for airway obstruction in children older than 1 year. Younger than 1 year, back blows and chest thrusts are administered. The Heimlich maneuver can be used in children older than 1 year.

42. A nurse is teaching an adolescent how to use the peak expiratory flowmeter. The adolescent has understood the teaching if which statement is made?

a. "I will record the average of the readings."
b. "I should be sitting comfortably when I perform the readings."
c. "I will record the readings at the same time every day."
d. "I will repeat the routine two times."

ANS: C

Instructions for use of a peak flowmeter include standing up straight before performing the reading, recording the highest of the three readings (not the average), measuring the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) close to the same time each day, and repeating the entire routine three times, waiting 30 seconds between each routine.

43. A school-age child has been admitted with an acute asthma episode. The child is receiving oxygen by nasal prongs at 2 liters. How often should the nurse plan to monitor the child's pulse oximetry status?

a. Continuous
b. Every 30 minutes
c. Every hour
d. . Every 2 hours

ANS: A

The child on supplemental oxygen requires intermittent or continuous oxygenation monitoring, depending on severity of respiratory compromise and initial oxygenation status. The child in status asthmaticus should be placed on continuous cardiorespiratory (including blood pressure) and pulse oximetry monitoring.

20. The nurse is caring for a child with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with sepsis. Nursing actions should include:

a. forcing fluids.
b. monitoring pulse oximetry.
c. instituting seizure precautions.
d. encouraging a high-protein diet.

ANS: B

Monitoring cardiopulmonary status is an important evaluation tool in the care of the child with ARDS. Maintenance of vascular volume and hydration is important and should be done parenterally. Seizures are not a side effect of ARDS. Adequate nutrition is necessary, but a high-protein diet is not helpful.

21. The nurse is caring for a child with carbon monoxide poisoning associated with smoke inhalation. Which is essential in this child's care?

a. Monitor pulse oximetry.
b. Monitor arterial blood gases.
c. Administer oxygen if respiratory distress develops.
d. Administer oxygen if child's lips become bright, cherry red.

ANS: B

Arterial blood gases are the best way to monitor carbon monoxide poisoning. Pulse oximetry is contraindicated in the case of carbon monoxide poisoning because the PaO2 may be normal. The child should receive 100% oxygen as quickly as possible, not only if respiratory distress or other symptoms develop.

22. A nurse is admitting an infant with asthma. The nurse understands that asthma in infants is usually triggered by:

a. medications.
b. a viral infection.
c. exposure to cold air.
d. allergy to dust or dust mites.

ANS: B

Viral illnesses cause inflammation that causes increased airway reactivity in asthma. Medications such as aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antibiotics may aggravate asthma, but not frequently in infants. Exposure to cold air may exacerbate already existing asthma. Allergy is associated with asthma, but 20% to 40% of children with asthma have no evidence of allergic disease.

Which of the following statements is characteristic of AOM?

a. The etiology is unknown.
b. Permanent hearing loss often results.
c. It can be treated by intramuscular (IM) antibiotics.
d. It is treated with a broad range of antibiotics.

ANS: D

Historically AOM has been treated with a range of antibiotics. However, new research shows that antibiotics do not improve outcomes in children with uncomplicated AOM.

An 18-month-old child is seen in the clinic with AOM. Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) is prescribed. Which of the following statements made by the parent indicates a correct understanding of the instructions?

a. "I should administer all of the prescribed medication."
b. "I should continue medication until the symptoms subside."
c. "I will immediately stop giving medication if I notice a change in hearing."
d. "I will stop giving medication if fever is still present in 24 hours."

ANS: A

Antibiotics should be given for their full course to prevent recurrence of infection with resistant bacteria.

1. A 12-year-old child is in the urgent care clinic with a complaint of fever, headache, and sore throat. A diagnosis of group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) pharyngitis is established with a rapid-strep test, and oral penicillin is prescribed. The nurse knows that which of the following statements about GABHS is correct?
A. Children with a GABHS infection are less likely to contract the illness again after the antibiotic regimen is completed.
B. A follow-up throat culture is recommended after the completion of antibiotic therapy.
C. Children with a GABHS infection are at increased risk for the development of rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.
D. Children with a GABHS infection are at increased risk for the development of rheumatoid arthritis in adulthood.

C

26. β-Adrenergic agonists and methylxanthines are often prescribed for a child with an asthma attack. Which describes their action?

a. Liquefy secretions.
b. Dilate the bronchioles.
c. Reduce inflammation of the lungs.
d. Reduce infection.

ANS: B

β-Adrenergic agonists and methylxanthines work to dilate the bronchioles in acute exacerbations. These medications do not liquefy secretions or reduce infection. Corticosteroids and mast cell stabilizers reduce inflammation in the lungs.

3. A 3-month-old infant is seen in the clinic with the following symptoms: irritability, crying, refusal to nurse for more than 2 to 3 minutes, rhinitis, and a rectal temperature of 101.8°F (38.8°C). The labor, delivery, and postpartum history for this term infant is unremarkable. The nurse anticipates a diagnosis of:
A. Acute otitis media (AOM)
B. Otitis media with effusion (OME)
C. Otitis externa
D. Respiratory syncitial virus (RSV)

A

27. Parents of two school-age children with asthma ask the nurse, "What sports can our children participate in?" The nurse should recommend which sport?

a. Soccer
b. Running
c. Swimming
d. Basketball

ANS: C

Swimming is well tolerated in children with asthma because they are breathing air fully saturated with moisture and because of the type of breathing required in swimming. Exercise-induced bronchospasm is more common in sports that involve endurance, such as soccer. Prophylaxis with medications may be necessary.

4. A 5-year-old is seen in the urgent care clinic with the following history and symptoms: sudden onset of severe sore throat after going to bed, drooling and difficulty swallowing, axillary temperature of 102.2°F (39.0°C), clear breath sounds, and absence of cough. The child appears anxious and is flushed. Based on these symptoms and history, the nurse anticipates a diagnosis of:
A. Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) pharyngitis
B. Acute tracheitis
C. Acute epiglottitis
D. Acute laryngotracheobronchitis

C

28. Which drug is usually given first in the emergency treatment of an acute, severe asthma episode in a young child?

a. Ephedrine
b. Theophylline
c. Aminophylline
d. Short-acting β2 agonists

ANS: D

Short-acting β2 agonists are the first treatment in an acute asthma exacerbation. Ephedrine is not helpful in acute asthma exacerbations. Theophylline is unnecessary for treating asthma exacerbations. Aminophylline is not helpful for acute asthma exacerbation.