Cold War

what was the US response to Soviet aggression

containment

who came up with containment

George Kennan

what does Article X of the containment policy say

USSR will expand until met with resistance

what didn't work with the USSR; why

appeasement didn't work with the USSR; they saw it as a weakness

describe the USSR

they are expansionist and will continue to expand until stopeed

what was the first example of containment

Truman Doctrine in 1947

what caused the Truman Doctrine

communism was threatening Turkey and Greece, which were key because they are between Europe and Asia

what is the wording of the Truman Doctrine

"the US will support free people resisting attempted subjugation"

put simply, what does the Truman Doctrine say

the US will help countries (with military supplies) who are resisting communism

who came up with the Marshall Plan

Secretary of State under Truman George Marshall

what was the Marshall Plan

economic rebuilding plan for Western Europe to maintain political stability

how much money was given in the Marshall Plan

$12.5 billion

when was NATO formed

1949

who was in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

US, Canada, Western European democracies

NATO was the 1st what for the US

NATO was the 1st US peacetime military alliance

what was NATO; what does this mean

a mutual defense alliance; each NATO member pledges to support the other members

why was NATO formed

to protect Western Europe from the USSR (spread of communism)

what was the Warsaw Pact

the communist countries' mutual defense alliance

what was the headquarters of Soviet military called

the Kremlin

what did the National Security Act do (4)

created:
- Dept. of Defense (Pentagon)
- Joint Chiefs of Staff
- National Security Council
- CIA (spy network)

what was NSC-68

proposed a massive increase in military spending

what did Executive Order 9981 do

integrated the armed forces (de-segregated them)

who was Executive Order 9981 under

President Truman

describe the reconstruction of Japan

MacArthur sets up a democracy and it is very successful

what happened to China

it fell to communism after a civil war

who did the US support in the Chinese civil war

Chiang Kai-Shek, a nationalist

who is the communist leader of China

Mao Zedong

who is blamed for the fall of China to communism

Truman and the democrats

what does the USSR get in 1949

the atomic bomb

what was the 2nd red scare

there was fear communists were infiltrating the US govt

who establishes the Loyalty Review Board

Truman (sitting president at the time)

what does the Loyalty Review Board do

it investigates federal employees for communist activities

what is one of the domestic effects of the 2nd Red Scare

HUAC (House on Un-American Activities Committee)

what did the HUAC do

investigate possible communist activity in the US by average citizens

who gets their start in the HUAC

Nixon

what was one of the cases in HUAC

the Hiss case

what is an example of pro-US propaganda

Marvel Comics

who was the face of the 2nd red scare

Senator Joseph McCarthy (WI)

what does McCarthy claim

he claims he has a list of communists in the US govt

what is a quote from McCarthy

"We are overrun by communists"

describe the attention McCarthy receives

he gets national attention

how did Eisenhower (president at the time) treat McCarthy

Ike tolerated him

what came from McCarthy's claims (3)

- careers are ruined (especially in Hollywood)
- loss of Asian specialists (asians go back to their home countries)
- civil liberties violated

when does the red scare end

when McCarthy takes on the US Army

what was the end result of McCarthy's claims (2)

- he got censured by the Senate
- revealed he had no list and no proof

who were the Rosenbergs

the 1st Americans executed for espionage (1951)

who were things looking good for in the election of 1948 and why

things were looking up for the GOP because they won mid-term elections in 1946 to control Congress

GOP candidate in Election of 1948

Gov. of NY Thomas Dewey

DEM candidate Election of 1948

Truman (incumbent)

what is Truman strong on; how is it risky

Truman is strong on civil rights; it is a growing movement and he could lose the south

in the Election of 1948 who breaks away

Southern Democrats break away and call themselves Dixiecrats

who was the Dixiecrat candidate in the Election of 1948

Thurmond

how long was Strom Thurmond in Congress

1954-2003

who was the Progressive (also democrat) candidate in the Election of 1948

Wallace

who is predicted to win the Election of 1948 and why

experts predicted a Dewey win because the Democrats are badly split 3 ways

what does Truman do in the Election of 1948 and what is his phrase

Truman goes on tour; "Give 'em hell"

who wins the Election of 1948

Truman

what were the reasons for Truman's upset of Dewey in the Election of 1948 (5)

-80th congress
-Labor (Truman backs the average worker)
-African-American vote (because of stance on civil right)
-Farmers
-Truman's refusal to accept defeat

what was Truman's domestic program called

Fair Deal

describe Fair Deal (3)

Raise minimum wage
Better housing
Improve Social Security

describe the 80th congress

very GOP

what is Truman's relationship with the 80th congress

he has an antagonistic relationship with them and calls them the "Do Nothing" congress

what did congress pass over Truman's veto

the Taft-Hartley Act

describe the Taft-Hartley Act

very anti-union (pro-business and anti-worker)

what is a closed shop

a business that hires union members only

what 3 things did the Taft-Hartley Act do

- outlawed closed shops (businesses can hire who they want, they don't have to hire union workers)
- union leaders must take a non-communist oath
- President can call an 80 day cooling of period before a strike can start

does Truman like the Taft-Hartley Act

no, he hates it

what did the GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act) do (3)

- financial aid for vets
- tuition help for technical/vocational school and college
- loans for a new home or to start a business

what did many fear would happen to the US after ww2

after ww2, many feared the US would fall back into a depression

why doesn't the US fall back into a depression after ww2 (3)

- military budget (permanent war economy)
- cheap energy (control of the Middle East)
- more education leads to improved production

describe Truman before the presidency (2)

- has to go to night school
- was a haberdasher (person who sells clothes)

describe Truman as president (2)

- average man's president
- feisty

2 famous Truman quotes

- "the buck stops here"
- "if you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen"

describe post war migration in the US

people were going to the Sun Belt (South and West US)

what was the govt doing in the Sun Belt

there were many government projects in the S and W (Sun Belt)

what happens to families who go to the Sun Belt

families are changed because they are leaving the environment in which they lived their whole live

after ww2, what are good businesses to be in at the time

aerospace, plastics, electronics

who was Dr. Benjamin Spock (2)

- he wrote books on child care
- told parents to coddle their children

what caused the growth of suburbs (3)

-Govt loans for housing (GI Bill)
-New highways connect suburbs to jobs in cities
-Housing shortage because cities are overcrowded

why was there a major jump in construction

new techniques

describe construction after ww2; give an example of this

mass production led to standardization and conformity; Levittown in Long Island

what were negative aspects of the growth of suburbs (2)

-White flight (white people leaving cities creates economic gaps there)
-Businesses move to the suburbs (leaves economic gaps in downtown of cities)

when was the post war Baby Boom

1945-1960

after the war, what happened to most women who were working during it

most women who were working during ww2 went back to working in the home

the creation of the UN would make who happy

Wilson

when was the UN created and where did they originally meet

1945; San Francisco

how many nations were originally in the UN

50

what are the 2 types of countries in the UN

Security Council (important countries with power) and Assembly (everyone else)

when the UN was created, what countries had the security council veto

US, England, USSR, France, Taiwan

where does the UN move to and why

New York; for collective security

what does the US feel is key to rebuilding Europe; how does USSR feel about this

a strong Germany; USSR feels differently, they want a weak Germany because a weak Germany is more likely to fall to communism while a strong Germany will go into the Western economy

how is Germany divided

into 4 zones: each is controlled by either US, FR, GB, USSR; Berlin is divided the same way

what did Winston Churchill mean when he said "Iron Curtain"

that there seemed to be a curtain in Europe dividing the communist and capitalist countries

what did the USSR do in Berlin in 1948; how does Truman respond

they put a blockade on West Berlin; Truman responds with the Berlin Airlift

what was the Berlin Airlift

when goods were flown into West Berlin because there was a blockade

What was the codename for the Berlin Airlift

Operation Vittles

what were the '46-'47 Nuremberg Trials

Trials for Nazi war crimes

what was the result of the Nuremberg Trials

the Nazis were held responsible for their actions

what years was the Korean War

1950-1953

what happened with Korea after ww2

Korea was divided into North and South; the North was communist and under soviet control and the South was a democracy aided by the US