Bio Final

Be able to name components of the cell membrane. List them here

Glycoprotein, glycolipid, peripheral membrane protein, intergral membrane proteins, cytoskelital filaments. cholesterol, protein chanel, phospholipid bilayer

What does it mean that the cell membrane is selectively permeable?

the cell membrane can control what goes in and out of the cell. It acts like a barrier and decides which molecules and ions can pass through.

How does the structure of the cell membrane allow it to be selectively permeable?

phospholipid bilayer (with transport proteins)

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Chemical equation for photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
This equation represents the process of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), in the presence of light energy, are converted into glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).

reactants of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

products of photosynthesis

glucose and oxygen

Purpose of photosynthesis

To take sunlight energy and turn it into food

chemical equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
This equation represents the process of cellular respiration, where glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) are consumed to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

reactants of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

purpose of cellular respiration

produce ATP

Cell respiration vs. Photosynthesis (w/ organelles)

photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and converts sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of cells and converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).

What is ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.

what role does ATP play in metabolism

Provides energy for metabolic processes

How is sexual reproduction related to biodiversity and evolution?

sexual reproduction contributes to biodiversity by generating genetic variation within populations. This genetic variation provides the basis for natural selection, adaptation, and the generation of new traits, ultimately driving the process of evolution.

cell cycle

series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

PMAT

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

What type of cells undergo mitosis and why is it important that the number of chromosomes remains constant?

body cells. If the number of chromosomes were to change during mitosis, it could lead to genetic abnormalities and disruptions in cell function

Describe how disruption of the cell cycle can lead to the development and progression of cancer.

When the cell cycle is disrupted, cells may start dividing uncontrollably (the cells wont stop at checkpoints and will just go on continuously) (proto oncogenes) and form a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor. This uncontrolled cell division is a hallmark of cancer.

Describe how the process of meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells.

process of meiosis is responsible for the formation of haploid cells, which contain half the number of chromosomes compared to the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division, known as meiosis I and meiosis II, resulting in the production of four genetically unique daughter cells.

Why is meiosis important to the process of fertilization?

because it ensures the correct chromosome number in offspring and promotes genetic diversity through independent assortment and crossing over.

Zygote

fertilized egg

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis is normal cell division everywhere in the body
Meiosis happens only in sex cells (gametes)

synapsis and crossing over

Prophase I
Homologous chromosomes physically connect and exchange genetic information.

Describe the basic structure and building block of DNA.

DNA has a double-helix structure composed of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine). The specific sequence of these nitrogenous bases along the DNA molecule carries the genetic information.

Genes

Chemical factors that determine traits

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

DNA replication

DNA replication involves the unwinding of the double helix, complementary base pairing, assembly of new strands, and proofreading to create two identical copies of the DNA molecule

Transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

How do transcription and translation relate to the expression of genes?

transcription converts DNA into mRNA, and translation uses the mRNA to synthesize proteins. These processes are vital for the expression of genes, as they convert the genetic information into functional proteins that carry out specific tasks in the cell.

replication vs. transcription vs. translation

-replication:
•DNA → DNA
•occurs in the nucleus
•DNA synthesis is 5' → 3'
-transcription:
•DNA → mRNA
•occurs in the nucleus
•RNA synthesis is 5' → 3', template read 3' → 5'
-translation:
•RNA → protein
•occurs in the cytoplasm
•mRNA read 5' →3'

Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not result in phenotypic change in an offspring (silent, point, frameshift)

the impact of mutations on the phenotype of an offspring depends on the type and location of the mutation. Silent mutations usually have no effect, while point mutations can lead to phenotypic changes if they alter the amino acid sequence. Frameshift mutations, due to their disruptive nature, often result in more significant phenotypic alterations.

Chargoff's Rule

\#A\=\#T and \#G\=\#C

Red is completely dominant to white in a species of flower. Cross a red flower and a white flower.

0:4:0
4 red

Black is incompletely dominant to white fur in a species of dog. Cross a black dog with a white dog.

0:4:0
4 grey

Brown and black are co-dominant fur colors in cats. Cross a brown cat and a black cat.

0:4:0
4 black and brown

Male pattern baldness is an X-linked trait. Cross a female carrier with a male who has male pattern baldness.

female and male offspring each have 50% chance of getting desease.

What is the probability that a mother who is type O blood and a father who is type AB has a child with type A blood?

50%

What does it mean that skin color in humans is considered a polygenic trait?

multiple genes make up skin color.

pedegree chart

a chart that diagrams the inheritance of a trait or health condition through generations of a family

Mendel's Law of Segregation

Alleles segregate from one another during the formation of gametes.

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

genes found on different chromosomes are sorted into sex cells independently of one another (ex. the inheritance of seed color (yellow or green) is independent of the inheritance of seed texture (smooth or wrinkled). The two traits assort independently during gamete formation and can combine in different combinations in the offspring.)

preditor

An animal thats eats another animal

prey

An organism that is killed and eaten by another organism

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

Succession

gradual process of change replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established

food chain vs food web

food web: all chains, complex
food chain: 1 system/relationship

Flow of energy through an ecosystem

sun, producers, consumers, decomposers

decomposers

Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms

nitrogen cycle

The movement of nitrogen around the biosphere

water cycle

The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

carbon cycle

the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back

Explain how birth, death, immigration, and emigration influence population size.

birth and immigration add individuals to a population, increasing its size, while death and emigration remove individuals from a population, decreasing its size. The balance between these factors determines the net change in population size over time.

What does it mean that populations increase exponentially?

it means that the population size grows at an accelerating rate over time. In simple terms, it's like a snowball effect where the population keeps getting larger and larger at a faster pace.

limiting factor

An environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing

carrying capacity

The largest population that an area can support

How do limiting factors affect carrying capacity?

Limiting factors make it hard for a species to live long enough to determine an accurate carrying capacity.

Explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels.

energy flows from producers (plants or autotrophs) to consumers (animals or heterotrophs) as they feed on each other

Producer

An organism that can make its own food.

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

primary consumer

An organism that eats producers

secondary consumer

An organism that eats primary consumers

tertiary consumer

An organism that eats secondary consumers

ways that a population can change

natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species.

be able to draw a food web and label each organism as a producer, consumer or decomposer for the following organisms: polar bear, fish, zooplankton, seal, phytoplankton, bacteria.

Polar Bear: The polar bear is a top predator in this food web. It primarily feeds on seals, which are its main source of energy and nutrition.
Seal: Seals are carnivorous marine mammals that consume fish as their primary food source.
Fish: Fish, such as small schooling fish, feed on zooplankton as their main source of energy.
Zooplankton: Zooplankton are tiny animals that float in water and serve as a primary food source for small fish. Phytoplankton: Phytoplankton are microscopic photosynthetic organisms (plants) that float near the surface of water. They use sunlight to produce energy through photosynthesis, forming the base of the food web.
Bacteria: Bacteria play a crucial role in the ecosystem by decomposing organic matter from dead organisms, including the remains of the polar bear, seal, fish, and zooplankton. They break down these materials into simpler nutrients that can be recycled back into the ecosystem.

Ecology

the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.

biotic factors

living parts of an ecosystem

abiotic factors

nonliving parts of an ecosystem

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Biome

A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms (grassland, tundra, tropical rain forest, etc.)

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area (wolfs in needham)

niche

An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

ancestoral characteristics

similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor

silent mutation

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

missense mutation

A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

nonsense mutation

changes a normal codon into a stop codon

Framshift Insertion

Letter(s) added

framshift deletion

removal of a nucleotide

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors

primary succession

succession that occurs on rock (starts on rock)

secondary succession

succession that occurs on soil (starts on soil) (after some sort of fire or hurricane) (there is still some soil to start with)

tertiary succession

restoration or recovery of an ecosystem after a severe disturbance, such as a major wildfire, a volcanic eruption, or a large-scale industrial accident

aerobic cellular respiration phases

Glycolysis, Citric Acid cycle (krebs cycle), Electron transport chain

glycolosis

Breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate.

citric acid cycle

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion