AP Euro Semester 1 Final

Italian vs. Northern Renaissance

a cultural and artistic movement that began in Italy in the 14th century, while the Northern Renaissance was a similar movement that began in Northern Europe in the 15th century.

Characteristics of Renaissance art

Known for its realism, its use of perspective, and its emphasis on human anatomy and expression.

Urban society

Refers to the social and cultural life of cities, which tend to be more diverse, cosmopolitan, and dynamic than rural areas.

Humanism

a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively.

Banking and Medici

A powerful Italian banking family who were also influential in the political and cultural life of Italy during the Renaissance.

Daily life during the Renaissance

marked by a renewed interest in classical learning, the growth of cities, and the development of new technologies and cultural practices.

Machiavelli

An Italian political philosopher who is best known for his treatise "The Prince," which is a manual for rulers on how to maintain power

Erasmus

A Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian

Hermeticism

A philosophical and religious movement based on the teachings of Hermes Trismegistus

Neo-Platonism

A philosophical movement based on the teachings of Plato and the other Platonic philosophers

Impact of Printing Press

Facilitated the widespread dissemination of ideas and information, and played a key role in the development of the scientific method and the Enlightenment

Key Artists

Individuals who are considered to be particularly important or influential in a particular field or art or culture

War of the Roses

A series of English civil war fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York for control of the English throne

Unification of Spain/Isabella and Ferdinand

Largely achieved through the efforts of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II or Aragon, who married in 1469 and began a process of political and military consolidation

Habsburgs

A European royal family that originated in Switzerland and ruled over a vast empire

Wycliffe

An English theologian and religious reformer who is best known for his translation of the Bible into English

Hus

Czech theologian and reformer who was one of the earliest and most influential figures of the Czech Reformation

Pope Leo X

An Italian Renaissance pope who reigned from 1513 to 1521

Nepotism

The practice of giving jobs to other favors to friends or family members, regardless of their qualifications or merit

Martin Luther

German monk and theologian who was one of the key figures of the Protestant Reformation

Thomas More

An English lawyer, author, and statesman who is best known for his book "Utopia" and his opposition to the English Reformation

Christian Humanism

A philosophical and theological movement that emphasizes the importance of human dignity and free will, and seeks to reconcile Christian beliefs with the values of the Renaissance

Quickening Rebellion

A popular uprising that occurred in England in 1536, in response to the dissolution of the monasteries and the suppression of the Pilgrimage of Grace

Indulgence controversy

A theological and political debate that arose in the 16th century over the selling indulgences, which were essentially certificates that promised to reduce the time that a person would spend in purgatory

Peasants Revolt

popular uprisings that occurred in Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, in response to economic, social, and political conditions

Transubstantiation

A doctrine of the Catholic Church that holds that the bread and wine used in the Eucharist become the body and blood of Christ through a miraculous transformation

New forms of Protestantism

Calvinism, Anabaptists, Church of England

Religious Wars

Were a series of conflicts that occurred in Europe in the 16th, primarily between Catholics and Protestants

Henry IV...Bourbon dynasty/politique/Edict of Nantes/Huguenots

The King of France from 1589 to 1610. Member of the Bourbon Dynasty and is known for his efforts to promote religious tolerance and for his successful efforts to end the Wars of Religion

Tudor Family

an English royal family that ruled from 1485 to 1603. They are known for their creation of the Church of England and the reigns of Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I

Catholic Reformation

A period of internal reform and renewal within the Catholic Church, in response to the Protestant Reformation. It included the Council of Trent, the reform of the papacy, and the founding of the Jesuit order

Education and society at this time

Marked by a renewed emphasis on classical learning an humanistic values, as well as the growth of cities and the development of new technologies and cultural practices.

Loyola

the founder of the Jesuit order and is known for his spiritual writings, including "The Spiritual Exercises."

Philip II

the King of Spain from 1556 to 1598, and is known for his expansionist policies and for his conflicts with England and the Netherlands.

Spanish Armada/ revolt in Netherlands

a large fleet of ships that was sent by Philip II to invade England in 1588. It was defeated by the English navy, leading to a revolt in the Netherlands.

Three Gs (Motives)

God Glory and Gold

Spice Trade

the trade in exotic spices and other goods that were in high demand in Europe.

Spanish empire

a global empire that was established by Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Natives and consequences

The consequences of European exploration and colonization for Native peoples were often devastating, as they were forced to adapt to new cultures and systems of governance, and were frequently subjected to violence and exploitation.

New World

refers to the Americas, while the Old World refers to Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Columbian exchange

the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and other goods and ideas between the Old World and the New World that occurred as a result of European exploration and colonization.

Slave Trade

the trade in enslaved Africans that was carried out by European powers and their colonies in the Americas.

Missionaries

individuals who were sent by religious organizations to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity.

Bullion

gold or silver in the form of bars or ingots, as opposed to coins.

Commercial capitalism...Dutch

an economic system based on the pursuit of profit through the production and exchange of goods and services. The Dutch were a maritime power in the 17th century, and were known for their commercial and colonial enterprises.

Treaty of Tordesillas

a treaty that was signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal, which divided the New World between them.

Encomienda system

The encomienda system was a system of forced labor and tribute that was used by the Spanish in their colonies in the Americas

30 years war

The 30 Years War was a series of wars that were fought in Europe from 1618 to 1648, primarily between the Holy Roman Empire and various Protestant states.

Witch craze

a period in European history when large numbers of people, mostly women, were accused of witchcraft and were put on trial and executed.

Inquisition

a court of the Catholic Church that was established to investigate and suppress heresy and other forms of religious dissent.

Military revolution

a period of significant change and innovation in military technology and tactics that occurred in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Louis XIV

the King of France from 1643 to 1715, and is known for his absolutist rule and his patronage of the arts.

Stuarts...James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II

a Scottish royal family that ruled England and Scotland from 1603 to 1714. Key members included James I, Charles I, Charles II, and James II.

Divine-right monarchy

a system of government in which the monarch is believed to have a divinely ordained right to rule.

Absolutism vs. constitutional monarchy

system of government in which the monarch has absolute power, while a constitutional monarchy is a system in which the monarch's power is limited by a constitution.

Cardinal Richelieu

a French cardinal and statesman who was the chief minister of Louis XIII from 1624 to 1642

Cardinal Mazarin

a French cardinal and statesman who was the chief minister of Louis XIV from 1642 to 1661

Bossuet

a French bishop and theologian who was known for his eloquent preaching and his defense of the divine-right monarchy.

Jean Bodin

a French political philosopher who is known for his work on sovereignty and the state

Court life in Versailles

marked by elaborate ceremonies, ostentatious displays of wealth, and political intrigue

Brandenburg...Hohenzollern dynasty (Prussia)

a state in central Europe that was ruled by the Hohenzollern dynasty.

Frederick the Great Elector

the Elector of Brandenburg from 1640 to 1688, and is known for his successful efforts to modernize and expand his territory.

General War Commissariat

a military organization that was established in Brandenburg in the 17th century to oversee the provisioning and logistics of the army.

Peter the Great

he Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1725, and is known for his efforts to modernize and westernize Russia

Emergence of the Ottoman Empire

a Muslim state that was founded in the 13th century and reached its peak in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Golden Age of the Dutch Republic

a period of economic and cultural flourishing that occurred in the 17th century in the Dutch Republic

Polish state

a European power in the 16th and 17th centuries.

English Civil War

a series of conflicts that were fought in England and Scotland from 1642 to 1651

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688, and the installation of William and Mary as joint rulers.

Mannerism

a style of art and architecture that emerged in Italy in the 16th century, and was characterized by its use of artificiality and exaggeration.

El Greco

a Greek painter who worked in Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries, and is known for his highly individualistic style

Baroque

a style of art and architecture that emerged in Italy in the 17th century, and is known for its elaborate ornamentation and dramatic use of light and shadow. Key artists include Caravaggio, Bernini, and Rubens.

Dutch realism

a style of painting that emerged in the Netherlands in the 17th century, and is known for its meticulous attention to detail and its focus on everyday life.

Shakespeare

an English playwright and poet who is considered one of the greatest writers in the English language. He wrote during the Elizabethan era.

Thomas Hobbes

an English philosopher who is best known for his work on political theory, including his book "Leviathan," which argued for the need for strong central government.

John Locke

an English philosopher who is best known for his work on political theory, including his theories of natural rights and the social contract

Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, and René Descartes

Key Figures in the Scientific Revolution

Heliocentric

a model of the solar system in which the sun is at the center.

Rationalism

a philosophical movement that emphasizes the use of reason and logic to understand the world

Inductive reasoning

a method of reasoning in which observations are used to form a general conclusion.

Royal Societies

scientific organizations that were established in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries

Scientific methods

systematic and rigorous procedures for investigating phenomena and testing hypotheses

Spinoza

a Dutch philosopher who is known for his pantheistic beliefs and his emphasis on reason and the pursuit of knowledge

David Hume

a Scottish philosopher who is known for his skepticism and his empiricist theories of knowledge and belief

John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Key Figures of the enlightenment

Deism

a belief in a God who created the universe but does not intervene in its workings.

Philosophes

a group of intellectuals and writers who were active in France during the Enlightenment, and who were known for their advocacy of rationalism and their criticism of traditional institutions and beliefs

Rocco

a style of architecture that emerged in France in the 18th century, and was characterized by its use of classical motifs and its emphasis on symmetry and order.

Neoclassicism

a style of art and architecture that emerged in Europe in the 18th century, and was characterized by its use of classical motifs and its emphasis on reason and order

Pietism

a religious movement that emerged in Germany in the 17th century, and emphasized personal piety and religious experience

Methodist movemen

a religious movement that was founded by John Wesley in the 18th century, and emphasized personal conversion and social activism.

Taverns and Salons

public gathering places where Enlightenment ideas were discussed and disseminated

Social, political, and economic new ideas

new ideas about society, politics, and economics, including ideas about the importance of individual liberty, the role of the state, and the potential for economic progress

Enlightened absolutism

a form of government in which monarchs used their absolute power to promote progressive social and political reforms.

Catherine the Great

the Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796, and is known for her efforts to modernize and westernize Russia.

Joseph II

the Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790, and is known for his efforts to reform the Habsburg empire and promote Enlightenment ideals.

Frederick II

the King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, and is known for his military successes and his patronage of the arts and sciences.

Agricultural Revolution

a period of significant change and innovation in agricultural techniques and technology that occurred in Europe in the 18th century.

Maria Theresa

the Archduchess of Austria and the Queen of Hungary and Bohemia from 1740 to 1780, and is known for her efforts to reform the Habsburg empire.