test 2 (copy)

concepts

definitional ideas we use to understand world

categories

process by which we learn to sort things and recognize things

nominal categories

dependent on definition (prime \#s)

natural categories

things that appear naturally

artifact categories

human-made, typically to serve function

living/nonliving categories

each has an animate/inanimate division

superordinate

most general category (animal)

basic level

often first learned category (dog)

subordinate

most specific category (poodle)

classical view

necessary and jointly sufficient features needed to categorize

necessary and jointly sufficient features

necessary- must have feature, jointly sufficient- if it has all critical features, it must be in category

family resemblance view

graded structure: prototype is best example of category, peripheral members are least characteristic

linguistic hedges

'technically' a whale is a mammal, not a fish

characteristic features

high and low probability features

exemplar view

explains how we get prototype effects, prototype recognized faster bc activate more exemplars

exemplar

other examples of category that can be compared to new items instead of prototype (compare ostrich to flamingo not robin)

psychological essentialism

concepts have an underlying essence which predicts surface characteristics and explains correlations of features

essences

genetic (natural) functional (for artifacts) and chemical essences

knowledge based theories

less based on features and more based on knowledge/theory about a category

ad hoc categories

construct some categories based on goals and can modify categories

category specific impairments

frontal temporal- people info, medial temporal- animals, rear temporal- tools

semantic networks

webs depicting categorizations and links between categories/items in categories

language

social function and cognitive rule system

pragmatics

rules of language and social convention

semantics

meaning of language

propositions

more complex meanings including relations among entities

syntax

arrangement of words and phrases

morphology

morphemes- smallest meaningful units of language

morphemes

free- has meaning on own, bound- has meaning when attached to words

lexicon

mental dictionary

inflection

intonation, stress and rhythm of speech

phonology

study of phonemes and rules for a combo of phonemes

phonemes

individual sounds of language

places of articulation

bilabial, dental, labiodental, velar, alveolar

bilabial

2 lips together

dental

tongue against teeth

labiodental

teeth against lip

velar

tongue against roof of mouth

alveolar

tongue to gums

manner of articulation

stop or fricative

stop

complete closure at point of articulation (p, b)

fricative

sustained turbulence or vibration (f, v, th)

lexical ambiguity

potential for multiple interpretations of spoken or written language

speech errors

blends, transpositions, perseveration, anticipation

blends

blend two words together

transpositions

switch first sounds of two words (flow snurries)

spoonerisms

aka transpositions

perseveration

repeat sound of first word for the beginning of the second (blue blonnets)

anticipation

use first sound of second word instead of the correct sound in the first word (lead list instead of read list)

tip of the tongue

phenomenon of not being able to fully retrieve a word despite knowing it

transmission deficit model

activation spreads through levels that may involve lexical competition, strength of connections between words based on frequency

partial activation theory

know first letter or syllable but can't retrieve rest of word

Skinner

language learned through imitation and reinforcement

associative chaining

stringing words together based on strength of associations of word pairs to develop sentence structure

nativism

learning language is biologically programmed in people

generativity

novelty in children's syntax and morphology, we can produce infinite sentences

language universals

Phonemes, Morphemes, Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics

modularity

language separate from other skills

Lenneberg

said that language has a critical period for learning, ends at puberty when hormones concrete lateralization of brain

lateralization

specialization of the brain's hemispheres

Genie

A girl who was locked up for 14 years and when she was found, she had missed the critical period where she could have learned language so she could not speak

agrammatism/Broca's aphasia

LH damage associated with language, comprehension, and writing deficits, can't use grammar or structure; speaking is very telegraphic

telegraphic speech

taking away the grammar of a phrase and only leaving the content words

agent vs patient

agent- initiator of an action, patient- person undergoing effects of action

wernicke's aphasia

perfect flow sentences but don't make sense due to overactivation and cannot fully understand what is asked or what they say; damage to Left Posterior superior temporal gyrus

neologisms

made up words

semantic/phonological aphasias

semantic- can't understand meaning of words, phonological- can't retrieve word or process words phonologically

anomia

can't retrieve words, damage to angular gyrus, perceptual TOT state

conduction aphasia

inability to repeat words with intact spontaneous speech production and comprehension, usually due to injury to the arcuate fasciculus

linguistic relativity hypothesis

weak- language influences cog differences, strong- language causes cog differences

expected value theory

decision is like a gamble, use probabilities to optimize decision making

loss aversion

brain emphasizes losses more than gains

prospect theory

subjective value and loss aversion

subjective value

value of a choice calculated based on subjective utility relative to a reference point

universalism

we all perceive concepts in same way, language is icing on cake

availability heuristic

when people base decision on whatever info is most readily available, recency, distinctiveness, and familiarity

representative heuristic

similarity based decision making

conjunction fallacy

not complying with statistical notion that Pr(2) is less than Pr(1)

base rates

the amount of people in a population who have a certain trait

law of large numbers

the more trials done, the closer to theoretically predicted number the average gets

anchoring and adjustment

evaluate outcomes as changes from a reference point

framing effects

how a problem is pitched affects decision making

bayes theorem

mathematical formula for calculating conditional probabilities

monty hall problem

given three doors: two have goats, one has car. open a door and it has a goat. should you change your choice? (yes, but most people say doesnt matter)

Armstrong and Gleitman

tested prototype and well defined categories, found graded structure for both

Malt

tested people's perception of % of H20 versus what is/isn't water, found a graded structure

language LA

social function and cog rule system

social function LA

pragmatics

cog rule system LA

meaning, grammar, and sound

meaning LA

propositions and words, linked to morphology

grammar LA

syntax and morphology, linked to words

sound LA

phonology, phonetics, inflection

actual critical period

around 7 years, phonology and grammar affected

cognitive illusions

even when you know of biases and heurostics you still make an error

confirmation bias

base decisions on your own beliefs

frequency formats

training people to use Bayesian reasoning when faced with statistical problems

satisficing

setting a decision making goal that is good enough for our needs

fast and frugal heuristics

decisions based on limited info

recency

newest info

distinctiveness

risk of dramatic situations