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Folk Culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

popular culture

Popular culture is the set of practices, beliefs, and objects that embody the most broadly shared meanings of a social system. It includes media objects, entertainment and leisure, fashion and trends, and linguistic conventions, among other things.

cultural appropriation

the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit

Local Culture

A group of people in a particular place, that share similar cultural traits, and see themselves as a community. Usually share traditions, customs and experiences with each other to preserve their uniqueness and culture.
Ex; An African Tribe, Amish People, The Navajo, Ethnic Neighborhoods in NYC.

material culture

Anything that can physically be seen on the landscape. Built environment: Produced by the physical material culture, the built environment is the tangible human creation on the landscape.

custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.
Ex: Wearing a jeans has become a custom in America

nonmaterial culture

Nonmaterial culture: Anything on the landscape that comprises culture that cannot be physically touched (e.g., language and religion).

Hierarchical Diffusion

Occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another in a leveled pattern.

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Neolocalism

The term "neolocalism" was born from the study of place. As related to the tourism system it can be defined as a conscious effort by businesses to foster a sense of place based on attributes of their community.
Ex: harvest festivals

Ethnic neighborhoods

an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background

Commodification

Giving a price tag or value to something that was not previously perceived as having a money-related value.
Ex: Example: A celebrity's used tissue.

Distance Decay

Distance decay is the name of the theory that states that as the distance between two places increases, the interaction between those two places decreases.

time-space compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation system.
Ex: A mobile phone

Reterritorialization

Reterritorialization is when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own.
Ex: Matcha Mcflurries in Japan

Cultural landscape

Cultural attributes of an area often used to describe a place (e.g., buildings, theaters, places of worship).

Placelessness

Defined by the geographer Edward Relph as. the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural. landscape so that one place looks like the next.

Global-local continuum

The notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Gender

Gender refers to the differences between men and women.

Identity

how people make sense of themselves and how they see themselves at different scales.

Identifying against

Constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then defining ourselves as "not the other"

Race

A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.

Residential segregation

Defined by Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton as "the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment."

Succession

Process by which new immigrants to a city. move to and dominate or take over areas or. neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant. groups.

Ethnicity

Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

Space

Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects

Place

an area that is defined by everything in it

Gendered

When places are "designed" either for women or men.

Queer theory

Theory defined by Glen Elder, Lawrence Knopp, and Heidi Nast that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the political engagement of "queers" with the heteronormative. (???)

E. Relph

Edward "Ted" Relph is a Canadian geographer, best known for the book Place and Placelessness. Coined the word placenessless

Fred Kniffen

Emphasized the cultural constructions and mobility of common folk, particularly represented by their dwellings
: geographer who identified 3 major hearths of folk housing
-mid atlantic
-lower chesapeak/tidewater
-new england

David Harvey

Offers one of the strongest critiques of new urbanism; explains that most new urbanist designs are "greenfield" projects designed for the affluent to make suburbs more livable- argues this is a kind of spatial determinism.

Gillian Ross

defined "identity" as is how we make sense of ourselves

Elder, Koop & Nast

Argue that most social science across disciplines is written in a heteronormative way

Donald Meinig

Studied Mormon landscape and discerned the roots of the Mormon culture in the local landscape

Hans Kurath

Published atlases of dialects in the US, defining Northern, Southern, and Midland dialects; drew distinct isoglosses among the three dialects.

George Stewart

Recognized that certain themes dominate American toponyms in his book; developed a classification scheme focused on ten basic types. (the ones we did an assignment on toponyms on)

Religion

A strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny.

Secularism

The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife.

Monotheistic religion

a religion with one god

Polytheistic religions

A polytheistic religion is characterized by belief in multiple gods, usually that are responsible for different areas of the universe and of human experience.
Ex: Hinduism and Buddhism

Animistic religions

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and life.

Universalizing religions

Universalizing religions offer belief systems that are attractive to the universal population. They look for new members and welcome anyone and everyone who wishes to adopt their belief system.
Ex: Christianity

Ethnic religion

Ethnic religions relate closely to culture, ethnic heritage, and to the physical geography of a particular place. Ethnic religions do not attempt to appeal to all people, but only one group, maybe in one locale or within one ethnicity.
Ex: Judaism

Caste system

System in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Hindu Social class

Buddhism

Buddhists believe that the human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana.

Shintoism

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

Taosim

Taoism teaches that all living creatures ought to live in a state of harmony with the universe, and the energy found in it. Ch'i, or qi, is the energy present in and guiding everything in the universe.
Kung fu panda

Fung Shui

Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities; structures and objects are positioned to channel flow of sheng-chi (life-breath) in favorable ways.

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Diaspora

A community of people who are dispersed throughout the world, but retain their cultural, religious, or ethnic differences.

The term is most commonly applied to Jewish people and to African-Americans in the United States.

Zionism

An international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel.

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as embodied in the New Testament, emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Eastern Orthodox Church

Eastern Christian church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; its head is the patriarch of Constantinople. Major differences between it and Catholicism are, priests can marry, leavened bread, and investiture of priests. (Less strict church)

Roman Catholic Church

Christian faith that was centered around Rome under the. authority of the pope.
(More strict)

Protestant

A branch of the Christian faith resulting from the Reformation initiated in the 16th century by Martin Luther.

Islam

The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad.

Shi'ite

The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad.

Indigenous Religions

A religion that is native to a place or region
(Shintoism in Japan).

Shamanism

Form of a tribal religion that involved community acceptance of a shaman, a religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who, through special powers, can intercede with and interpret the spirit world.

Sacred sites

A place where religious figures and congregations meet to perform religious ceremonies.

Minarets

A tall tower that is part of a mosque with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

Hajj

The annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, normally around Ramadan.

Intrafaith boundaries

The boundaries within a single major faith. Divisions between: Catholics and Protestants (especially in N Ireland), Muslim Sunni and Shia

Interfaith boundaries

The boundaries between the world's major faiths, such as Christianity, Muslim, and Buddhism

Ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Activity spaces

the places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity

Religious fundamentalism

Religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy

Jihad

a doctrine within Islam.

Religious extremism

Religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence

Islamic sacred architecture

A wide-ranging multi-author study of the architectural traditions associated with the religion of Islam across the globe

Partitioning

To divide (as a country) into two or more territorial units having separate political status

Zoroastrianism

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.

Hinduism

The main religion of India which includes the worship of many gods and the belief that after you die you return to life in a different form.

Sikhism

The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.

Judaism

Judaism is the world's oldest monotheistic religion. To be clear a monotheistic religion is a religion based on the belief that there is only one God.

Atheism

Belief that God doesn't exist. Real World Example: the Earth was made by scientists. Autonomous Religion.

Lamaism

Lamaism is a regional form of northern Buddhism, founded on the combination of the features of Mahgygna and Vajraygna.

Geomancers

A method of prediction that interprets markings on the ground, or how handfuls of dirt land when someone tosses them

Jerusalem

A city neighborhood set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews.

Pagoda

A multistoried Chinese tower, usually associated with a Buddhist temple, having a multiplicity of projecting eaves.

Religious affiliation in the U.S.

Religiously unaffiliated adults rose to 29% while Christianity dropped to 63%, with 40% Protestant, 21% Catholic and 2% other.

Religious Affliation

Religious Affiliation is the self-identified association of a PERSON with a Religion, denomination or sub-denominational religious group, such as, the church an individual belongs to, for example Methodist.

Stupas

A place of burial or a receptacle for religious objects. A Buddhist shrine

language

. A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

Dialects

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronounciation.

Language families

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

Mutual intelligibility

The ability of two people to understand eachother when talking. Dialect Chains.

Dialect chains

A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related.

Subfamilies

Divisions within a language family. sound shift. Slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin.

Standard language Isogloss

An "isogloss" is a boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions.
It can be a boundary between two different languages, or, more frequently, the boundary between two different dialects of the same language.

Sound shift

A slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward towards it origin.

Proto-Indo-European

Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australia.

Conquest theory

One major theory of how Proto-Indo- European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto- Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues.

Creole language

Creole languages are formed by the combination of two or more languages.
When this newly combined language becomes the primary language of the people in a region it is called a "creole" language.

Backward reconstruction

The tracking of sound shifts and. hardening of consonants backward. toward the original language.

Dispersal hypothesis

A theory on how Proto-Indo European diffused into Europe. Proto-Indo European began in Caucasus Mountains region and spread eastward before spreading westward.

Monolinguals states

Countries in which only one language is spoken.