PLTW IED Final Exam Study Guide

How might we create the best possible solution to a problem?

Engineers try to think "outside the box" in order to solve new problems or find ways to improve current solutions.

What is the most effective way to generate potential solutions to a problem? How many alternate solutions should you generate?

Brainstorming with a group, research and testing possible solutions

What is an engineer? What types of work do engineers do?

Engineering is the application of mathematics and scientific principles to better or improve life.An engineer is a person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. Research, Develop, Design, Supervise, Manage, Production and Construction,operations,plant management, and sales

Why Keep an Engineering Notebook?

An engineering notebook is recognized as a legal document that is used in patent activities to...

Prove the origin of an idea that led to a solution

Prove when events or ideas occurred

Prove diligence in turning the idea into a solution

Prove when an idea became a working solution ("reduced to practice")

What are the 4 best Practices for the Engineering Notebook?

Be Neat,

be Accurate,

be Legible,

be Thorough

Explain the concept of proportion.

Paying close attention to the underlying basic shapes and the relative proportions of various features of the object will allow you to more accurately reflect the true shapes and proportions of the object in your sketch

Why would the ability to create realistic sketches make a person a more competent designer

Representing existing objects and new ideas with sketches can make the design process more effective and efficient and greatly enhance the ability of others to understand your ideas.Allows them to communicate their ideas more clearly.

What is the purpose of sketching your ideas?

Sketches provide a means through which one can quickly and clearly communicate ideas

Define and differentiate invention and innovation.

Invention: A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and experimentation.

Innovation: An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something.

Brainstorm

A group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creative thinking, etc. by unrestrained spontaneous participation in discussion

Constrait

1. A limit to a design process. Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding, space, materials, and human capabilities. 2. A limitation or restriction.

Design

. An iterative decision-making process that produces plans by which resources are converted into products or systems that meet human needs and wants or solve problems. 2. A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of something before it is built or made. 3. A decorative pattern.

A Design Brief

A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints. The design brief is used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a solution.

Design Statement

A part of a design brief that challenges the designer, describes what a design solution should do without describing how to solve the problem, and identifies the degree to which the solution must be executed.

Engineering Notebook

An engineering notebook is a book in which an engineer will formally document, in chronological order, all of his/her work that is associated with a specific design project.

Prototype

A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments.

Research

The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Order of Design Process

Define Problem

Generate Concepts

Develop a Solution

Construct and test Prototype

Evaluate Solution

Present Solution

Read through the Engineering Disciplines Power Point and write Each Engineering Field mentioned and one sentence describing what that Engineering Field does.

Chemical Engineering, Civil and Construction Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Architectural Engineering, Automotive Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering

Center Line

A line which defines the center of arcs, circles, or symmetrical parts

Extension Line

Line which represents where a dimension starts and stops.

Dimension Line

A line which represents distance

Object Line

A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object.

Construction Line

Line lightly drawn lines to guide drawing other lines and shapes.

Hidden Line

A line type that represents an edge that is not directly visible

Orthographic Projection

A method of representing three-dimensional objects on a plane having only length and breadth. Also referred to as Right Angle Projection

Multi-View Drawing

A drawing which contains views of an object projected onto two or more orthographic planes.

Oblique Sketch

A form of pictorial in which an object is represented as true width and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle.

Perspective Sketch

A form of pictorial sketch in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye.

Isometric Sketch

A form of pictorial sketch in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of 120 degrees with the plane of projection.

Pictorial Sketch

A sketch that shows an object's height, width, and depth in a single view

Cavalier Pictorial

Oblique pictorial where height, width, and depth are represented at full scale.

Cabinet Pictorial

Oblique pictorial where depth is represented as half scale compared to the height and width scale.

Leader Line

Line which indicates dimensions of arcs, circles and detail.

What are the 3 spatial Dimensions?

Height, Width & Depth

A method of representing three-dimensional objects on a plane.

Orthographic Projection

A drawing which contains views of an object projected onto two or more orthographic planes

Multi-View Drawing

A drawing that is used to show the material, size, and shape of a product for manufacturing purposes.

Technical Working Drawing

The Degree of closeness of measurements to the actual or accepted value is called

Accuracy

Describe the difference between the meaning of the terms accuracy and precision in scientific measurement

Accuracy: The degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to the actual (or accepted) value.

Precision: The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result.

How can statistical and analyzed data be used to inform, justify, and validate a design or process?

Statistics are commonly used in manufacturing processes to control and maintain quality. A statistical analysis is used to determine measures of central tendency and variation of the data.

What is dimensional analysis and how can it help solve problems involving quantities?

Preforming a dimensional analysis on a part will assure that all needed dimensions to create the part have been included. This will insure the part is made correctly.

Why do engineers generally adhere to a set of dimensioning standards and guidelines?

In manufacturing, a part must be dimensioned fully and correctly and to the proper precision. Otherwise, the part may not function properly or may not fit into an assembly as intended. Dimensioning errors can lead to a delay in production time, increased design and manufacturing costs, and a potentially unsafe product.

9.25 yards to feet

9.25 x 3 \= 27.75 feet

1.15 feet to inches.

1.15 x 12 \= 13.8 in

5 ft - 6 ½ in. to inches

(5 x 12) + 6.5 \= 66.5 inches

1.7 yards to inches

1.7 x 36 \= 253

67.5 cm to inches

67.5 x .393701 \= 26.5748175 in

Why would you have to know how to convert measurements when looking at a technical drawing?

If they are not in the units preferred by the engineer, they will need to change them

Why is placement of your dimensions so important?

So they can be read clearly without confusion

How can you use units help you solve a problem?

If the Units are all the same communication of size and shape are understood with out confusion

Why do designers need to fully dimension a part?

A fully dimension part is required to communicate clearly how the part is to be constructed.

What does it mean when a sketch is over dimensioned?

A sketch is over dimensioned when the same measurement/dimension is on 2 or more of the views: such as the over all width is placed in both the front and top views. This can cause confusion and increase the probability of the part being constructed incorrectly

A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data is called

Histogram

Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, and presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data.

Statistics

The \_______________ is a measure of the spread of data values

Standard Deviation

A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

Normal Distribution

The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set

Mode

The \__________________ is the difference between the largest and smallest values that occur in a set of data.

Range

A measure of center in a set of numerical data

Median

The digits in a decimal number that carry meaning contributing to the precision or accuracy of the quantity

Significant Digits

What is Central Tendency?

It s the Center of a distribution: Mean, Median or Mode.

A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments.

Prototype

A measuring instrument having two adjustable jaws typically used to measure distance or thickness

Calipers

What is the role of models in the design process?

Provides a visual for all to see and helps them to see the viability of the idea

How can we use technology to make the design and manufacture of a product more efficient and less prone to error?

Allows us to investigate the properties digitally before it is built physically

What is the purpose of a portfolio? How do you decide what information to include in a portfolio

The Purpose of a portfolio is to effectively communicate the details of a project. Title page, working technical drawings and an "exploded" presentation page with a parts list (i.e., whatever is necessary to communicate all the details of a project)

Physical Model

A physical representation of an object. Prototypes and appearance models are physical models.

Model

A visual, mathematical, or three-dimensional representation in detail of an object or design, often smaller than the original

Annotate

To add explanatory notes to a drawing

Component

A part or element of a larger whole

Scale Model

An enlarged or reduced representation of an object that is usually intended for study purposes.

Geometric Constraint

Constant, non-numerical relationships between the parts of a geometric figure. Examples include parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.

Working Drawing

Drawings that convey all of the information needed to manufacture and assemble a design

Mathematical Modeling

The process of choosing and using appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze empirical situations, To understand them better, and to improve decisions.

Solid Modeling

A type of 3D CAD modeling that represents the volume of an object, not just its lines and surfaces.

What are physical properties and why are they important to the design of a product?

The material it is made of, its mass, density, etc.

What advantage do Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CAD) provide over traditional paper and pencil design?

The advantage of CAD is that it is easily modified, and reproducible. Usually faster to produce. Can be looked at in 3 dimensions and seen at different angles

How does the material chosen for a product impact the design of the product?

It determines the products weight and density, its durability, etc.

Acute Triangle

A triangle that contains only angles that are less than 90 degrees

Center of Gravity

A 3D point where the total weight of the body may be considered to be concentrated.

Centroid

3D point defining the geometric center of a solid.

Tangent

A straight or curved line that intersects a circle or arc at one point only.

Circumscribe

A triangle located round a polygon such as a circle. To draw a figure around another, touching it at points but not cutting it

Principal Axes

The lines of intersection created from three mutually perpendicular planes, with the three planes' point of intersection at the centroid of the part.

Density

The measure of mass density is a measure of mass per volume.