ES MIDTERM

study study study

observation

using all senses to describe \*measurements make good ____________.

inference

conclusion based on your observation

percent error

how “far off” an answer is, therefor, lower percent error is better

percent error formula

P.E. = d/a x 100% (note: if you’re #’s in the problem have one decimal place, your answer will have one decimal place)

kilo

1000x

hecto

100x

deka

10x

deci

0\.1 or 1/10

centi

0\.01 or 1/100

milli

0\.001 or 1/1000

Length is converted into ______.

meters

Volume is converted into __*__ or___.*__

cm^3 or liters

Mass is converted into _____.

grams

The measure of the pull of gravity on an object. Changes where gravity is different.

weight

Measure of the amount of matter in an object. Does not change.

mass

scientific notation

LARGE and SMALL numbers accurately

volume

the amount of space an object occupies

volume formula

lxwxh

**Water Displacement* (Archimedes Principles)

An object will displace a volume of water equal to its own volume (eureka)

temperature defintion

a measure of the average kinetic energy (speed of molecules)

Absolute Zero

molecules stop moving (0 degrees)

density

_______ is a measure of the packing of molecules. Size does not affect it. A derived measurement because it combines two measurements. (SAME STUFF, SAME DENSITY at Standard Temperature Pressure)

density formula

mass/volume

sinks, floats, suspends

more dense, less dense, equal dense

Floating Rock

pumice

Weird Water

The solid FLOATS in its own liquid because the ice is LESS dense.

Water is most dense as a liquid at ____.

4 degrees Celsius

As water cools it ______ and becomes less dense.

EXPANDS

As density increases, ________increases.

pressure (direct or positive relationship)

As density increases, ________ decreases.

temperature (indirect or negative relationship)

As density increases, _________stays the same

size (no relationship)

The 5 day forecast is VERY _______.

Inaccurate

The layers of our atmosphere (based on change in temperature)

troposphere (all weather), stratosphere (includes ozone), mesosphere, thermosphere

Most abundant gas in atmosphere

\#1 Nitrogen (78%)

\#2 Oxygen (21%)

Weather station models

description of current weather conditions

Air pressure conversion

add 9 and 10 in front of a decimal (closer to 1000 wins)(millibars)

Warm air can hold more ________.

water vapor

Saturated air

holding all the water vapor it can

Dewpoint

temperature at which air becomes saturated

relative humidity

percentage of saturation

Evaporation is a ______ _______.

cooling process

Prevailing winds typically move from _________ __to__ ___________.

southwest to northeast

Hurricanes switch direction because they eventually go into a different _______ _______.

wind belt

clouds

made of water droplets or ice crystals

Why is wind caused?

by a difference in air pressure (HIGH to LOW)

Air (Barometric) Pressure

weight of air

Cyclones

* low pressure system
* counterclockwise and toward the center

Anticyclones

* high pressure system
* clockwise and away from the center

The Coriolis Effect

Because of Earth’s rotation, winds bend to the…

* right in the NORTHERN hemisphere
* left in SOUTHERN hemisphere

Air masses

Large body of air with generally the same HUMIDTY and TEMPERATURE (named for where they form (source region))

Humidity (air mass classification)

* dry →over land → continential → c
* humind →over water (oceans) →maritime →m

Temperature (air mass classification)

* warm →around equation→Tropical →T
* cold →cold regions→Polar →P
* extremely cold (frigid)→\*winter only →Arctic →A

warm moist air mass

maritime Tropical (mT)

Dry, cold air masses

continental Polar (cP)

NOOOOOO

maritime Arctic (mA) \*\*\*\*you can’t have a humid freezing air mass

Front defintion

Boundary between different air mass(where the “weather action” is)

WARM FRONT

* moves slowly
* precipitation is light and long-lasting

After passes - precipitation ends, temp. rises

\*Warm air behind warm front

mT →cP

COLD FRONT

* moves quickly
* precipitation is heavy and brief

After passes - precipitation ends, temp drops

\*Cold air behind cold front

cP →mT

Thermometer

instrument to measure temperature

Barometer

instrument to measure air pressure

Anemometer

instrument to measure wind speed (Brock’s ears)

Sling psychrometer

instrument to measure dew-point and relative humidity

Weather Vane

instrument to measure wind direction

ruler/meter stick

instrument to measure snowfall

rain guage

instrument to measure rainfall

Model

represents the properties of something

scale model

a model which is in correct proportion

1\.1 million

Earths would fit in the moon

Proofs of Earth’s Round Shape

1. ships at sea--sail over the horizon (not sinking)
2. During a lunar eclipse: Earth’s round shadow edge is seen on the moon
3. observations of Polaris (north star)

Polaris

The north star which is located directly overhead (zenith) Earth’s north pole

In the northern hemisphere -

As you travel…

North - Polaris appears to get higher

South - Polaris appears to get lower

East or West - Polaris appears to stay in the same place

Longitude

Prime meridian - EAST AND WEST

Latitude

Equator - NORTH AND SOUTH

Earth’s Gravity is slightly

* weaker at Equator
* stronger at poles

Slightly oblate spheroid ---Earth

* bulges SLIGHTLY at the Equator
* SLIGHTLY flattens at the poles

In the northern hemisphere, your latitude is equal to the…..

angular elevation of polaris from the northern horizon

Earth rotates 360 degrees/24 hours

15 degrees/1 hour

solar noon

time each day when the sun is highest in the sky, or over your line of longitude

same longitude

same local time

WEEL

west earlier, east later

Isolines

connect points of equal value on a map

isobars

show pressure

isotherms

show temperature

contour lines

show elevation

steep slopes

closely spaced contour lines

contour intervals

change in elevation between adjacent contours

V’s point uphill

stream flows opposite of V’s

intermittent stream

sometimes dries up

stream flows from

higher to lower elevation

Magnetic declination: Earth has two North Poles

1. geographic north: 90 degress north (north pole)
2. magnetic north: where compass points

\*\*\*\*DIFFERENT LOCATIONS

Hachures

Depression contour lines

\
ex. could be 529’ to 521’

Ex of hill elevation

could be 431’ to 439’

Gradient (slope) formula

change of field view/distance

\- (MATH - change over y/change or x OR rise/run)

Weathering

breaking down rock at Or near Earth’s surface → sediments

physical weathering

1. Repeated freezing/melting breaks rocks


2. plant action

plant action

growing plants break rock

Ex of repeated freezing/melting of rocks

\-----freeze- thaw, ice-wedging, or frost action------

\

chemical weathering

1. oxidation
2. carbonic acid in rain water

Carbonic acid

water + rain (carbon dioxide) (weak acid) H2CO3 dissolves limstone!!

iron oxide

oxygen +iron (rust)