Chapter 11 : Neuroanatomy (copy)

Cerebrum

This governs voluntary actions

Cerebellum

This is responsible for coordinating movement

Proprioception

This is the sense of muscle and joint position

Ganglia

This is groups of cell bodies in the PNS with functional unity

Kinesthetic

This sense is the sense of the body in motion

Olfaction, vision, gustation, and audition

Special senses include these 4 things

Central nervous system

This nervous system includes the cerebrum , cerebellum, subcortical structures, brain stem, and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

The section of the nervous system that consists of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, as well as the sensory receptors

Autonomic nervous system

The part of the nervous system that governs involuntary activities of involuntary muscles

Somatic nervous system

The part of the nervous system that governs voluntary activities

Afferent

Information that is directed toward the brain is called what?

Efferent

Information directed away from the brain to the spinal nerves

Telencephalon

This refers to the "extended" or "telescoped" brain, and includes the cerebral hemispheres, the white matter immediately beneath it, the basal ganglia, and the olfactory tract

Rhinencephalon

This refers to the olfactory bulb, tract, and striae; pyriform area, intermediate olfactory area; hippocampal formation; and fornix

Diencephalon

This includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland (hypophysis), and optic tract

Mesencephalon

This refers to the midbrain

Metencephalon

The part of the hindbrain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum

Myelencephalon

This refers to the medulla

Axon

Dendrite

Telondendria

Terminal end bouton

Synaptic cleft

Synaptic vesicles

Postsynaptic neuron

Myelin sheath

Soma

Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

Occipital lobe

Parietal lobe

precentral gyrus

Postcentral gyrus

Central sulcus

Lateral sulcus

Cingulate gyrus

Corpus callosum

Superior temporal gyrus

Supplementary motor area

Wernicke's area

Broca's area

Heschl's gyrus

Lateral ventricle

3rd ventricle

4th ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

Anterior cerebral artery

Middle cerebral artery

The branch on the left side

Posterior cerebral artery

What is the bottom right?

Anterior communicating artery

Top middle portion

Superior cerebellar artery

Internal carotid artery

Basilar artery

Vertebral artery

Circle of Willis

Automaticity

This refers to the development of patterns of responses that no longer require highly specific motor control but rather relegated to automated patterns

Background activity

This is the muscular contraction that supports action or movement, providing the form against which voluntary movement is placed

Tonicity

A partial contraction of musculature to maintain muscle tone

Background tonicity

Automatic functions are supported by what?

Superficial sensation

This is a sensation arising from the stimulation of the surface of the body (e.g. temperature, pain, touch)

Deep sensation

This includes muscle tension, muscle length, joint position sense, muscle pain, pressure, and vibration

Combined sensation

This integrated both multiple senses to process stimulation

Stereognosis

The ability to recognize the form of an object through touch

Somatic sense

The sensation related to pain, thermal sensation (temperature sense), and mechanical stimulation

Mechanical stimulation

This takes the form of light and deep pressure, vibration (which is actually pressure that is perceived to change over time), and changes in joints and muscles, particularly stretch

Visual sense

Light from external sources is transduced into electrochemical energy by the photoreceptors of the retina

Hearing

Acoustical disturbances in the air are transduced by the hair cells of the cochlea

Olfaction

sense of smell

Tactile sense

Sense of touch

Gustation

Sense of taste

Generator potentional

This arises from adequate stimulation of the sensor, and adequate stimulation will cause the generation of an action potential

Mechanoreceptors

This receptor responds to the physical distortion of tissue (pacinian corpuscles, muslce spindle and golgi tendon organs)

Chemoreceptors

This receptor depends on contact with molecules of the target substance

Photorecptors

Visual stimulation by light is transduced by highly specialized receptors called what?

Thermoreceptors

Temperature sense arises from this receptor

Teleceptors

Visual and auditory sensors are also termed this because their respective light and sound stimuli arise from a source that does not touch the body

Interoceptors

This receptor monitors events within the body, such as distention of the lungs during inspiration or blood acidity

Exteroceptors

This receptor responds to stimuli outside of the body, such as tactile stimulation, audition, and vision

Proprioceptors

These are sensors that monitor change in a body's position or the position of its parts, and these include muscle and joint sensors, such as muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs (GTO)

Vasoconstriction

Constriction of blood vessels

Sympathetic nervous system

Expends energy (vasoconstriction when frightenend)

Parasympathetic nervous system

Conserves energy (vasodilation upon removal of feared stimulation)

Somatic nervous system

This is an important system that involves the aspects of bodily function that are under our conscious and voluntary control, including control of all skeletal muscles

Neurons

These are nerve cells that are the functional building blocks of the nervous system and are unique among tissue types in that they are a communicating tissue

Excitation

This refers to the stimulation that causes an increase of activity of the tissue stimulated

Inhibition

This refers to stimulation of a neuron that reduces its activity

Axon hillock

This is the junction of the axon and the soma

Schwann cells

This makes myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

Oligodendrocytes

This makes myelin sheath in the central nervous system

Nodes of Ranvier

Spaces in between the myelinated segments are called this

Neurotransmitters

These are compounds that are responsible for activating the next neuron in a chain of neurons

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for energy generation and protein development

Axodendritic synapses

Dendrites are the typical location for synapse on the receiving dendrites

Axosomatic synapses

Synapses that occur on the soma, which are usually inhibitory

Axoaxonic synapses

Synapses that occurs on the axons of the postsynaptic neuron

Somatosomatic synapse

This is when the soma of a neuron synapses with the soma of another neuron

Dendrodendritic synapse

When communication happens between 2 dendrites

Monopolar neurons

Neurons with a single, bifurcating process arising from the soma

Bipolar neurons

Neurons with two processes

Multipolar neurons

Neurons with more than two processes