Studied by 51 PeopleEncoding
Tags & Description
Encoding
getting info into memory
Storage
retaining information over time
Retrieval
taking info out of storage
structural encoding
emphasizes on the physical structure of the stimulus, ex. is the word written in capital letters?
Phonemic encoding
emphasizes on what a word sounds like, ex. Doe the word rhyme with weight?
Semantic encoding
emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
Elaboration encoding
relate what you're trying to learn to things you already know
Imagery Encoding
making an image in your mind of what you're trying to learn
Mnemonics
any little technique to help you remember something, ex. PEMDAS
Sensory memory
large capacity, brief representation of the entire thing you're perceiving in that moment, very brief retention:0.25 seconds
Short term memory
limited capacity, lasts only 20-30 seconds, conscious processing of information, sensory and long term combined
What is short term memory made of?
long and sensory memory
Original Sensory form
comes from sensory memory, but very short duration (visual=0.25 seconds), attend to short term memory, or it is lost
Short term memory
includes conscious processing and what we pull from our long term memory
Chunking
familiar unit of information
What are the Baddeley 4 components of working memory?
Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, buffer
Phonological loop
recitation, original idea of short term memory
Visuospatial Sketchpad
manipulate images
Central executive
juggle information when reasoning
Buffer
integrating multiple ideas and sending it to long term memory, we don't know if this is the hippocampus
Long term memory
long term storage of information
Procedural(Non-Declarative}) Memory
memories or action, skills, and conditioned responses, thought to be stored in cerebellum
Declarative memory
memory for factual information, much more likely to forget than procedural memory, thought to be stored in the limbic system
Semantic memory(semantic=meaning)
general knowledge, ex. state capitals, definitions
Episodic memory
personal experiences, much more likely to forget than semantic memory
State dependent memory
mental and physical state of the memory if you were drunk when you observed it, get drunk to remember it. Retrieval is best when the retrieval cues match the encoding cues
Serial Position Effect
we best recall first and last items on a list
primary effect, lack of interference
The tendency to remember the first part of the list
Recency effect, lack of interference
the tendency to remember the last part of the list
Critical word test
set of words, one word ties all words together , 50% recall, 80% recognition
Is memory perfect storage?
no
Expectations
we tend to remember things consistent to our expectation (stereotyping, schema)
Schema
a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
Source monitoring error
when we remember something, but we misattribute where we got the info, ex. saying you saw something on the news, but you saw it on facebook
Flashbulb memories
ex. flood stories
Post event information
if we learn something about an event after it happens we tend to add it to our memory
Who was Elizabeth Loftus?
wording of questions lady
Misinformation effect
a simple change in learning, can be slipped into the witnesses memory
Herbing Ebbinghaus
nonsense syllables, (3 letters that go together with no word/association)
Relearning memory
the longer way to relearn the list, the more forgotten
Forgetting curve
forgetting is rapid at first, then slows
ineffective (shallow) Encoding
never in memory, psuedo-forgetting
Decay theory
information disappears over time, applies to sensory and short term memory but NOT to long term memory (we don't forget linearly)
Proactive interference
we learned something first, then learned something else, we don't remember the second thing (more common than retroactive interference)
Retroactive interference
we learned something first, then learned something else, we don't remember the first thing (less common than proactive interference)
Encoding specificity principle
we remember best when the cues available at the retrieval time are the same as the ones in decoding
Motivated forgetting(Freud)
repression, loss of memory for unpleasant stimuli
Repressed memory controversy
are they false? or true, some are true most are not (think girls thinking they had been sexually abused, influenced by therapists)
Consolidation of Memory
taking new information and putting into a long term form, seems to be done in the hippocampus, and while we sleep