Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1

A blood clot stimulating further clotting is an example of:

A positive feedback mechanism

In negative feedback mechanisms, changes away from the normal state:

Stimulate changes in the opposite direction

Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism?

Uterine contractions during childbirth

The control center of a homeostatic mechanism:

Integrates sensory input and signals for change as needed

Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body and heat and pressure:

Remain within certain limited ranges

Homeostasis is the:

Tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment

Several organs having related functions working together constitute:

An organ system

Which of the following best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity?

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

At which level of organization is a tooth?

Organ level

Metabolism is defined as:

All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life

All the following are basic types of human tissues except:

Squamous tissue

In all organisms, the basic unit of structure and function is:

The cell

Living organisms use oxygen to:

Release energy stored in the molecules of food

Anatomy and physiology are considered together because:

Physiological functions depend on anatomical structures

Anatomy is the study of:

Structure and form

The bones of the skeletal system assist the function of movement:

By providing sites for the attachments of muscles

With a specimen in the anatomic position, you can best see the mediastinum with a _________ view.

Frontal

Which anatomical term describes the wrist region?

Carpal

Blood cells are produced in the structures of the ______ system.

Skeletal

Which of the following accurately describes the location of the kidneys?

Bilateral

Which of the following organs is in the abdominopelvic cavity?

The liver

The pleural cavity is the:

Potential space between the two serous membranes surrounding a lung

Which action is the main function of the digestive system?

Absorption of nutrients

The anatomic term for the cheek is:

Buccal

Lateral to the umbilical abdominopelvic region are the _____ regions.

Lumbar

The directional term referring to an area toward the lower part of the body and away from the head is:

Inferior

The head, neck, and trunk make up the ______ region of the body.

Axial

A _________ plane separates the body into superior and inferior parts.

Transverse

Paired organs, such as the kidneys or lungs, are said to be:

Bilateral

The directional terms that means "in back of" or "toward the back surface" is:

Posterior

A parietal layer of a serous membrane ______, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane _____.

Lines cavities; covers organs

Which serous membrane covers the surface of an organ?

The visceral layer

All of the following characteristics apple to the body in the anatomical position except:

The palms facing the body

The anatomical term for the calf is:

Sural

The urinary bladder is found in which abdominopelvic region?

Hypogastric

Name the abdominal region shown.

Left inguinal region

Name the directional term indicated.

Posterior

The letter C represents a:

Coronal Section

Which of the following blood pH values in a patient indicates an alkalosis?

pH 7.8

A triglyceride consists of:

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of:

Neutrons

Which of the following is an element?

Carbon

Glucose is:

A molecule

Hydrogen bonds form between molecules containing ____ bonds; the hydrogen bond is between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a partially ____ charged atom of another.

Polar covalent; negatively

What type of reaction occurs during protein synthesis to produce the primary structure of a protein?

Dehydration synthesis

Carbon can form ___ covalent bonds

4

Hemoglobin in blood, collagen in tendons, and enzymes in the digestive system are all examples of:

Proteins

A person has alkalosis if the blood pH:

Rises above 7.5

In a covalent bond:

Atoms share a pair or more of electrons

Which of the following is the most abundant inorganic substance in the body?

Water

Generally, a chemical buffer is described as:

A weak acid and weak base that helps prevent big changes in pH

Glycogen is stored in the liver and ____.

Skeletal muscles

Nucleic acids include:

RNA and DNA

An enzyme is _____.

Protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted

A protein consists of:

More than 200 amino acids

Glycolysis is an examples of:

Catabolism

A polar covalent bond is created when ______.

Atoms within the bond do not have the same pull on the shared electron, and as a result the electron spends more time around one atom relative to the other atom within the bond

The first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of:

2 electrons

Two questions must be answered to determine whether a substance will diffuse across a cell membrane. One is whether a concentration gradient exists for that substance. The other question is:

Is the cell membrane permeable to the substance?

If a liter of 0.9% saline is infused into a patient, where will most of the water volume end up?

Evenly distributed between intracellular and extracellular fluid

Which of the following is an example of osmosis ocurring in the body?

Water being drawn into blood vessels from interstitial fluid

If a number of human cells were placed in a beaker of pure water, the solution would be called:

Hypotonic

Which of the following enters cells by facilitated diffusion?

Glucose

Facilitated diffusion:

Involves membrane protein molecules

Active transport:

All of the above are true
(Requires ATP, involves membrane protein molecules, transports substances from low concentration to high concentration)

By which of the following processes does a white blood cell engulf a foreign particle?

Phagocytosis

During the process of diffusion:

Molecules move from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration

The plasma membrane is a semipermeable membrane because it:

Lets only certain molecules pass through

Which of the following form the basic structure of the cell membrane?

Phospholipids

The mitochondria contain enzymes for the chemical reactions involved in:

The citric acid cycle only

The dense mass of ribonucleic acid found within the nucleus is the:

Nucleolus

The lysosomes of cells contain many:

Digestive enzymes

All of the following refer to the plasma membrane of a cell except:

The phospholipids exist in a single layer

The endoplasmic reticulum may be described as a:

Series of membrane-lined channels in the cell’s cytoplasm

The mitochondria of the cell are best known as the organelles where:

Energy is released from food molecules

One strand of a DNA molecule contains the bases AATGCGTCA. Which of the following is the sequence of bases on the other (complementary) strand of DNA (reading left to right)?

TTACGCAGT

Which statement is accurate?

a. Human cells contain 46 genes; another name for a gene is a nucleosome.

b. DNA is made up entirely of genes; a chromosome is the uncondensed form of chromatin.

c. A sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins from chromatin.

d. Each nucleotide in a gene is bound by hydrogen to the next nucleotide in the sequence; chromatin is a nitrogenous base.

c. A sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin

During transcription:

A RNA molecule is formed as a DNA sequence is read and copied

The term “transcription” refers to:

A messenger RNA complementary copy being made of DNA

What type of reaction occurs during protein synthesis to produce the primary structure of a protein?

Dehydration synthesis

Cytokinesis usually begins before ____ ends.

Telophase

The replication of the DNA molecule during interphase occurs during the:

S- phase

Translation occurs in the:

Cytosol

DNA synthesis occurs during which part of the cell cycle?

S- phase

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that binds DNA< but is unable to bind RNA. This best displays the enzyme characteristic of:

Substrate specificity

The term “codon” refers to:

A three-base sequence of mRNA

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase