Pages 13-14 (style notes)

Cavum conversa cuspide (reversing his spear, he struck the hollow)

Alliteration of ‘c’ creating a sound effect by copying the sound of the mountain being struck and breaking/cracking

Cavum montem (hollow mountain)

Enclosing word order shows the size of the mountain by spreading the words across the line, suggesting that the mountain is so big that it swallows up the other words

Venti velut (as if the winds)

Alliteration of ‘v’ creates a sound effect of blowing, creating word painting (where the words mirror the story)

Velut agmine facto (as if they formed an army column)

Simile creating military imagery, giving personification of the winds and suggesting that they are deliberately attacking everything. It makes them seem powerful as they are compared to an army of soldiers so are aggressive - it also invokes sympathy in the reader as the Trojans are facing such hardship, as they only ut escaped the war and now they have to battle against nature

Ruunt et terras turbine perflant (rush… and blow through the lands with a whirlwind)

Chiasmus, with A being the verbs and B being the nouns. The double verbs highlight the number of things that the are happening to make the scene more dramatic and drawing attention to the winds

Ruunt et terras turbine perflant (rush… and blow through the lands with a whirlwind) pt 2

Alliteration of ‘t’ to emphasise destruction, suggesting that things are being thrown around on the ship, causing crashing sound effects

Ruunt (rush), volvunt (they roll), insequitur (follows), micat (flash)

Historic present verbs, using the present tense to make it feel like the events are happening currently to increase the sense of drama and danger through the vividity of the passage. As it comes all throughout the text, this effect is emphasised which reveals the length of time that the events are happening for

Incubuere (fall upon)

Emphatic placement to draw attention to the actions of the winds. The word choice of fell also is not usually related to wind, but has connotations of attacking to add to the violence of the winds fighting the sea, which invokes unusual imagery

Totumque a sedibus imis (churn up everything from their lowest depths)

Hyperbole of totum and imis to exaggerate the effect that the winds have on the sea to highlight their power

Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque (and Eurus and Notus together and Africus … churn up … and roll)

Polysyndeton to emphasise the number of threats to the Trojans by highlighting the effect that the winds have and their power

Eurusque Notusque… Africus (and Eurus and Notus together and Africus)

Mentioning the names of the winds and using a tricolon to make the winds seem more powerful as there are more of them, so they seem uncountable and a bigger threat to the Trojans which is highlighted with the personification of their names to suggest that they are a human threat rather than a force of nature

Vastos volvunt (they roll huge waves)

Alliteration of ‘v’ to create a sound effect of the winds

Vastos fluctus (huge waves)

Enclosing word order to highlight the size and scale of the sea to suggest that they will cause lots of damage on land

Eripiunt (snatch away)

Emphatic placement at the start of the line to highlight the violence of the clouds. It is very dramatic imagery as the clouds are personified, creating a vivid passage

Ruunt (rush)

Repetition highlights the speed and violence with a double meaning of connoting to the military to further emphasise aggression of the winds

Teucrorum (Trojans)

Mention of the Trojans reminds the reader that they will soon be impacted by the approaching storm, using pathos to make the reader feel sad and sympathetic for the Trojans

Nox incubat atra (black night)

Enclosing word order to emphasise the size and depth of the all encompassing darkness as it surrounds the men fully. It also creates strange imagery suggesting the presence of the supernatural as the artificial night is uncommon

Intonuere (thunder)

Emphatic placement draws attention to the violence of the weather

Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem (everything threatens instant death for the men)

Hyperbole through the extreme threats being discussed here, which seems inescapable and thus the situation is hopeless. It highlights the uncertainty and vulnerability of the Trojans and the possibility of death

Praesentemque … mortem (instant death)

Enclosing word order suggests that death is inescapable as they are surrounded by it, creating a dramatic and vivid scene