Criminology test 2

what 2 types of deviance did Edwin Lemerts study?

Primary and secondary

what is edwin lemerts defenition of primary deviance according to his reaction theory?

refers to the violation of a norm or rule that doesnt result in the violaters being stigmatized as deviant

what is edwin lemerts defenition of secondary deviance according to his reaction theory?

refers to deviant behavior that is a result of being publicly labeled as deviant and treated as an outsider

what does edwin lemert say is the cause of primary and secondary deviance?

Primary- ignorance, influence of peers/parents

Secondary-negative social reactions

what type of crime do primary and secondary deviancec do according to edwin lemerts reaction theory?

primary- relatively small rule breaking 

secondary- involves crime

what is edwin lemerts lableing theory?

-individual offender and their motivations to the social audience and the reaction of the criminal from the public and justice system(state)

-social constructon of crime

-state intervention is criminogenic

Who is howard Becker?

he used lemerts ideas to create the labeling theory what is 

what is howard beckers labeling theory state?

defines deviance as not a quality of a bad person but the result of someone defining a persons behavoior as bad

what were the 4 policy implications of labeling theory that aimed to limit state intervention?

decriminalization, division, due process and deinsiutionalization

what is a criticism of the labeling theory?

fails to explain primary deviance because it only focuses only on the societal reaction, not the orfininal cause of the crime

what do the policy implications of restoratice justice and prinsoner reentry aim to do?

-it finds ways to blunt the negatice, crimnogenic effects of criminal justice sanctions

-rejects the logic that equats the states harming of an offender with victims receiving any meaninful sense of justice

what question does the control theory ask?

why do people refrain from commiting crime?

why do people confrom?

what is the main argument for the control based theories?

-crime is fun and rewarding

-when controls are absent, crimes occur

what 2 questions did Sykes and Matza ask and explain?

-why even the worst delinquents seemed to be convential people who confrom most of the time in most ways

-why most not continue law-violating behavior beyond a certain age

what is the neutralization and drift theory ? 

-people who commit crime retained a commintment to convential society and its standars of behavior, they knew right from wrong

-delinqunecy would be possible if youths could escape the control that convential society had over them

what are the 5 techinques of naturalization?

denial of responsibility, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners(gov and coprations are evil and green, cant be trusted), appeal to higher loyalties

who came up with the neurtalization theory?

syles and matza

what did Travis Hirschi do?

developed 2 of the most prominety control thereies of crime: social bond and self control theory?

what is the social bond theory 1969?

-the bonds people have to convential society(fam, friends, jobs) are key to underestanding conformity and crime

-strong bonds- conformity

-weak bonds- “free to engage in crime”

what are the 4 social bonds?

-attachment: to convential others

-involvement: in convential activities

-commitment: to convential institutions

-belief: in conventional morals and norms

what is the self control theory? 

-the motivation to deviate is rooted in teh natural human inclination to pursue immediate graftification in the easiest way possible w/o regard for tohers

-only bonds in chilhood, mostly with parents, are responsible for conformity and or deviance

what is the “general theory of crime and who created it in 1990?

-Gottfredson adn Hirschi

-main concept= self control has general effects

-self control is the key causal factor in crime and deviances in an individuals life and across social groups