Chemistry Semester 1 Final Mabante

Chemistry

The study of substances and the changes they can undergo

Scientific Method

A methodical investigation involving observing, experimenting and interpreting results

Hypothesis

A reasonable explanation of something observed

Experiment

Controlled testing of a hypothesis

Theory

Models the way nature is

What is all matter composed of?

Atoms

Who proposed the Atomic Theory?

John Dalton

What is Number 15?

The Atomic Theory

What is Number 16?

The Law of Conservation of Mass

Law

A mathematical statement that summarizes observed results

What can theories be tested with?

Observations from other experiments

When 2.0 grams of magnesium reacts with oxygen to produce 3.5 grams of product, how many grams of oxygen was consumed?

1.5 grams

Atoms combined in simple, whole number ratios produces what?

A compound

Matter is not what?

Created nor destroyed

All atoms of a given element have the same what?

Mass and properties

A scientific law is what?

Measurable

Which digit in a number is estimated?

The last digit

In the unit equation, 1 Mg=109 g, the number 1 is what?

Exact

The power of ten corresponding to a prefix in the metric system is what?

Exact

Organic Chemistry

Study stuff containing carbon

Inorganic Chemistry

Study stuff that does not contain carbon

Mass

Quantity of matter (does not change)

Weight

A force of gravity acting on a mass (changes with gravity)

Basic units of measurement

English, metric, and SI

Meter

Length

Gram

Mass

Liter

Volume

Second

Time

Mega-

1,000,000

Kilo-

1,000

Deci-

0.1

Centi-

0.01

Milli-

0.001

Micro-

0.000001

Nano-

0.000000001

Unit Equation

Relates two quantities that are equal

Most metric to English unit factors are what?

Not exact

Derived units come from where?

Multiplying or dividing units

Density

Mass divided by volume

Celsius calculation

(degrees Fahrenheit - 32)/1.8

Kelvin calculation

Degrees Celsius + 273

What does heat measure?

Total energy

SI unit of energy

Joule (J)

Do metals have a low specific heat or a high specific heat?

Low specific heat

Does water have a low specific heat or a high specific heat?

High specific heat

Equation for heat

Heat (q)= mass (m) x specific heat (C) x temperature change (T final - T initial)

Solid

Definite shape and volume

Liquid

Definite volume

Gas

No definite shape nor volume

Diffusion

Gases mix uniformly with other gases as they fill the available space

Solid to liquid

Melting

Liquid to gas

Vaporizing

Gas to liquid

Condensing

Liquid to solid

Freezing

Solid to gas

Sublimation

Gas to solid

Deposition

Substance

A form of matter that has definite composition and constant properties

Pure substance

A single chemical composed of one type of element or compound

Mixture

Composed of two or more pure substances (elements or compounds) in no fixed composition

Homogeneous

Uniform composition and appearance throughout

Heterogeneous

Composed of different phases and not uniform throughout

Element

Made of a single type of atom that cannot be broken down further

Compound

Two or more kinds of elements combined in fixed proportion

Chemical symbol

An abbreviation of an element name using upper and lowercase letters

Atom

Smallest particle that retains the properties of the element

Metals

Located on the left of the stair step on the periodic table, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, high density, high melting point

Malleable

Hammered into a thin sheet of foil

Ductile

Drawn into thin wire

Nonmetals

Located to the right of the stair step on the periodic table (not including H), poor conductors of heat and electricity, dull, brittle, low density, low melting point

Metalloids (semi metals)

Metal and nonmetal properties

Main Metalloids

B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At

Law of definite proportion

Compounds always contain the same elements in a constant proportion by mass

Molecule

A single particle composed of two or more nonmetal atoms

Chemical formula

Expresses the number of atoms of each element in a compound

Physical properties of matter

A characteristic shown by a substance itself, without interacting with or changing into other substances

Chemical properties of matter

A characteristic of a substance appears as it interacts with or transforms into other substances

Physical change

Composition does not change

Chemical change

Composition changes

The Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical change

Kinetic energy (KE)

Associated with motion

Potential energy (PE)

Stored energy associated with position or composition

Is energy stored in chemical bonds?

Yes

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Exothermic

Chemical reaction that gives off heat energy

Endothermic

Chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy

Six forms of energy

Heat, light, chemical, electrical, mechanical, and nuclear

Dalton's atomic theory

Elements are made of indivisible, indestructible particles called atoms (later disproven), all atoms of an element are identical and have the same properties (later disproven), atoms of different elements combine to form compounds, compounds contain atoms in small whole number ratios, atoms can combine in more than one way to form different compounds

Current nuclear theory of the atom

Most of the atom's mass and all of its positive charge is in the nucleus, most of the atom is empty space with small, fast moving electrons, neutral atoms contain the same number of protons and electrons

Atomic number

Number of protons

Mass number

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Isotopes

Atoms of same element with a different number of neutrons

Wavelengths (λ)

Distance between adjacent wave crests

White light

A continuous spectrum

Frequency (ν)

# of cycles or crests that pass through a stationary point in one second

Light

Visible radiant energy

Visible spectrum

Region of the light spectrum our eyes can see

Radiant spectrum energy (EM spectrum)

Continuous spectrum of visible and invisible light that ranges from short to long wavelengths

Wavelength and frequency

Inversely related

Wavelength and energy

Inversely related

Frequency and energy

Directly related