Biology - Full Year Comp Flashcards

what domain is bacteria in?

bacteria

what domain is archaea in?

archaea

what four kingdoms are in domain eukarya?

protists, plants, fungi, animals

do eukaryotes have cell walls?

yes

are all animals multicellular? do they have specilaized cells?

yes, yes

are all animals heterotrophs?

yes

what are protists that resemble animals called?

protozoans

protozoans are (unicellular, multicellular) and are (autotrophs, heterotrophs) and are grouped based on their (movement, internal structures).

unicellular, heterotrophs, movements

true or false: animals can move at some stage in life

true

what do animals store glucose as?

glycogen

what are tissues?

groups of specialized cells

what are the types of symetry?

none(asymmetrical), radial, bilateral

what is a protostome?

organism where the mouth develops first in the embryo

what is a deuterostome?

an organism where the anus develops first in the embryo

what are vertebrae?

bone segments forming a backbone

what is an invertebrate?

an animal without vertebrae

what is a vertebrate?

an animal with vertebrae

how many germ layers does an embryo have?

3

what are the three germ layers in an embryo?

endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

what does an endoderm become?

tissues lining the gut (digestive tract)

what does the ectoderm become?

skin (epidermis) and nervous system

what does the mesoderm become?

the muscles, connective tissues, cardiovascular system

what is a neuron?

nerve cell

what is a ganglion?

mass of nerve cells that controls a part of the body

what is the ganglion controlled by in some animals?

a brain

what is cephalization?

it’s when some animals concentrate nerve cells and sense organs into a head

what does cephalization allow for?

more complex behaviors

what is a coelom?

a body cavity that contains internal organs

what is an acoelomate?

an animal without a coelom

what is a coelomate?

an animal with a coelom

what is a pseudocoelomate?

an animal with an incomplete (“false”) coelom

what does the circulatory system do?

transports oxygen, nutrients, etc thruout the body

what happens in an open circulatory system?

blood fluid bathes the tissues directly

what happens in a closed circ. system?

the blood fluid is contained in blood vessels

what is an ectotherm?

an organism that’s internal temp. depends on the environment

what is an endotherm?

an organism that generates constant internal temp.

what is the phylum of chordates and what does it mean?

chordata (means “cord”)

what does chordates include?

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

do chordates have tissues?

yes

what kind of symetry do chordates have?

bilateral

do chordates have neurons, ganglia, coelom, vertebrae and brains?

yes, yes, yes, yes, and yes

what kind of circ. system do chordates have?

closed

true or false: some chordates are endotherms

true

which two chordates have no vertebrae?

tunicates and lancelets

what do tunicates and lancelets have instead of a backbone?

a flexible notochord

what do the embryos of all other chordates have and what is it replaced by?

notochord replaced by backbone

what do the skeletons of fish have?

skulls and vertebrae

do fish have gills?

yes

what are gills?

organs that absorb O2 from the water

what do the limbs of fish not have?

joints or digits

are fish ectotherms or endotherms?

ectotherms

what are the names of the groups of fish?

jawless, cartilaginous, bony, and lobe - finned

what are the two types of jawless fish?

hagfish and lampreys

what is a jawless fish’s skeleton made of?

cartilage

do jawless fish have a jaw?

no

what is the texture of jawless fish like?

worm - like and slimy

what are hagfish?

scavengers

are lampreys pararsitic?

yes

what are the three types of cartilaginous fish?

sharks, skates, and rays

what is a cartilaginous fish’s skeleton made of?

cartilage

what kind of jaws do cartilaginous fish have?

fully developed

what are most cartilaginous fish?

strong swimmers and predators

what do cartilaginous fish need to keep doing to stay afloat?

swimming

what do most cartilaginous fish need to keep doing to breathe?

moving

what kind of fertilization do most cartilaginous fish have?

internal

what is internal fertilization?

produce a small number of eggs at a time

what are the two types of bony fish?

ray - finned and lobe - finned

what is a bony fish’s skeleton made of?

bone

what allow bony fish to stay still?

adaptations

do bony fish have a swim bladder?

yes

what is a swim bladder?

air - filled sac that helps keep bony fish afloat

why do bony fish suck in water thru their mouth?

to pump over their gills

what kind of fertilization do most bony fish have?

external

what is external fertilization?

produce many eggs at a time

how do lungfish breathe and what group of fish are the from?

by gulping air into its primitive lungs, from lobe - finned fish

what does amphibians mean?

double life

what are tetrapods?

four limbed land dwelling chordates

what is the common ancestor of amphibians beleived to be?

a modern ancestor of lungfish

what are the types of amphibians?

caecilians, salamanders, 🐸 frogs/toads

why do amphibians have lungs?

to exchange O2 and CO2 in the air

what can amphibians also breathe thru?

their skin

where must amphibians lay eggs?

in the water

what is a tadpole?

a fishlike larva that lives in the water

what do tadpoles undergo?

a complete metamorphosis into adult form

what are the types of reptiles?

turtles/tortoises, lizards/snakes, tuataras, crocodiles/alligators

what did reptiles branch off of?

amphibians

reptiles were the ancestors of what and when?

mammals 300 million yrs ago

what is the texture of a reptile’s skin like?

thick, watertight, and dry

are reptiles endotherms or ectotherms?

ectotherms

do reptiles have an amniotic egg?

yes

what is an amniotic egg?

an egg surrounded by a membrane (amnion) and often also surrounded by a shell

what are the closest relatives of birds and what does that mean?

crocodilians, so they are kinda of like reptiles

are birds endotherms or ectotherms?

endotherms

what are birds adapted to?

flight

what does flying require?

lots of energy

what do birds have?

air sacs, hollow bones, powerful muscles, and feathers

what are feathers derived from?

scales

what is preening?

spreading oil over feathers to keep them waterproof/clean

what is molting?

shedding old feathers to grow new ones

what are the two types of feathers and their functions?

down for insulation and contour for flying