geo paper 2

Gas

Non renewable/Finite

Advantage - Easy to produce energy from

Disadvantage - Releases Co2, affecting climate change

Oil

Non renewable/finite

Advantage - Efficient

Disadvantage - Low oil reserves 

Coal

Non renewable finite Advantage - Reliable and abundant energy source Disadvantage - Produces greenhouse gases and air pollution

Nuclear

Non renewable uses uranium Advantage - Produces large amounts of energy low carbon emissions Disadvantage - Radioactive waste high cost and accident risk

Hydroelectric

Renewable Advantage - Reliable clean energy and flood control Disadvantage - Expensive to build floods land and habitats

Wave tidal

Renewable Advantage - Predictable no greenhouse gases Disadvantage - Expensive technology limited suitable locations

Wind

Renewable Advantage - Clean energy low operating costs Disadvantage - Unreliable causes noise and visual pollution

Solar

Renewable Advantage - No emissions useful in remote areas Disadvantage - Weather dependent high initial cost

Geothermal

Renewable Advantage - Reliable constant power output Disadvantage - Limited to volcanic areas expensive drilling

Biomass waste

Renewable Advantage - Reduces waste sustainable source Disadvantage - Can produce CO2 requires large land area

Primary

Jobs that extract raw materials from the earth

Secondary

Jobs that manufacture goods from raw materials

Tertiary

Jobs that provide services to people and businesses

Quaternary

Jobs involving research and information services

Renewable energy

Energy from sources that are naturally replenished

Non-renewable energy

Energy from sources that cannot be replaced once used

Fossil fuels

Coal oil and gas formed from ancient plants and animals

Sustainable energy

Energy that meets current needs without harming the future

Urbanisation

The growth of towns and cities due to population increase

Push factors

Reasons that drive people away from an area

Pull factors

Reasons that attract people to an area

Suburbanisation

Movement of people from city centre to outskirts

Counter-urbanisation

Movement of people from urban to rural areas

Urban regeneration

Improvement of run-down urban areas

Squatter settlements

Poor-quality housing built illegally in urban areas

Globalisation

The process of countries becoming more connected economically socially and culturally

Migration

Movement of people from one place to another

Push factors

Reasons that encourage people to leave a place

Pull factors

Reasons that attract people to a new place

Refugee

Someone forced to leave their country due to danger

Internally displaced person

Someone forced to move within their own country

Economic migrant

Someone who moves to improve their standard of living

Primary data

Information collected firsthand by observation or survey

Secondary data

Information collected from existing sources

Land use survey

Method to record different types of land use in an area

Traffic survey

Counting vehicles to study traffic flow

Environmental quality survey

Recording conditions like litter noise or air quality

Sampling

Selecting a representative part of a population for study

Hypothesis

A prediction that can be tested during fieldwork

Random sampling

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Systematic sampling

Selecting every nth member of the population for the sample

Stratified sampling

Dividing the population into groups and sampling proportionally from each

Formal employment

Work with regular pay and legal protection

Informal employment

Unregulated work without legal protection or taxes

Energy security

Having reliable and affordable access to energy

Energy gap

The difference between a country’s energy demand and supply

Energy mix

The combination of energy sources used by a country

Energy efficiency

Using less energy to perform the same task

Energy conservation

Reducing energy use through behaviour and technology

Energy transfer

The movement of energy from one place or form to another

Power station

A place where energy resources are converted into electricity

Carbon footprint

The amount of carbon dioxide released by activities or people

Deindustrialisation

The decline of manufacturing industries in an area

Economic development

Improvement in living standards and income levels

Urban sprawl

The spread of urban areas into surrounding countryside

CBD

Central Business District with shops offices and high land value

Site

The exact physical location of a settlement

Situation

The position of a settlement in relation to other places

Hierarchy of settlements

Arrangement of settlements by size and services

Function

The main purpose or role of a settlement

Urban renewal

The redevelopment of old or run-down areas

Gentrification

The improvement of urban areas by wealthier people moving in

Shanty towns

Unplanned settlements built from scrap materials

Urban poverty

When people in cities lack basic needs and services

Brownfield site

Land previously used for industry or housing that can be redeveloped

Greenfield site

Land not previously built on used for new development

Congestion

When there is too much traffic causing delays

Urban heat island

When urban areas are warmer than surrounding rural areas

Pollution

The contamination of air water or land

Urban planning

Designing and managing land use and development in cities

Self help schemes

Projects where residents improve their homes with government help

Site and service schemes

Government provides land and services for people to build homes

Transport management

Strategies to reduce traffic and improve movement in cities

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of today without harming future generations

Globalisation

The process of countries becoming more connected through trade communication and culture

TNC

Transnational Corporation operating in more than one country

Outsourcing

Moving production or services to another country for lower costs

Trade bloc

A group of countries with free trade between them

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment when a company invests in another country

Economic migration

Moving for better job opportunities or income

Social migration

Moving for quality of life or family reasons

Environmental migration

Moving due to natural disasters or environmental change

Voluntary migration

When people choose to move

Forced migration

When people are made to move due to danger or conflict

Brain drain

Loss of skilled workers from one country to another

Remittances

Money sent home by migrants working abroad

Cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas products and traditions between countries

Urban fieldwork

Collecting data to study features and issues in urban areas

Quantitative data

Data that is numerical and can be measured

Qualitative data

Descriptive data based on opinions or observations

Questionnaire

A survey asking people questions to collect opinions or information

Pedestrian count

Counting the number of people walking in a specific area

Traffic count

Counting the number and types of vehicles passing a point

Field sketch

A simple drawing of a landscape or urban area

Annotated sketch

A drawing with labels and explanations

Land use map

A map showing how land is used in an area

Bipolar survey

A method to score environmental quality using positive and negative scales

Transect

Line along which data is collected from the centre to the edge of an area

Index of decay

A score used to measure the condition of buildings or areas

Scatter graph

A graph showing relationship between two variables