APUSH vocab test period 4

Democratic Republicans

political party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, favored a limited federal government with strong state powers, an agrarian economy of independent farmers, individual liberties that opposed the Federalist Party, advocated for strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Second party system

political party framework from 1820s-1850s, characterized by rivalry between democratic party + whig party (opposed president andrew jackson)

jacksonian democracy

political movement named after andrew jackson, supported the “common man” and expanded political participation among white males away from just established elites 

spoils system

political practice where supporters of the winning party were rewarded with government jobs

kitchen cabinet

andrew jackson’s informal group of political friends/advisors who were highly influential during his presidency

nullification crisis

1832-1833 confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government over tariffs (South Carolina asserted its right to nullify federal laws it deemed unconstitutional)

whig party

major political party formed in opposition to president Andrew Jackson, supported a national bank, protective tariffs, and federally funded improvements, promoted modernization, econ growth

universal white male suffrage

political movement, resulted in states eliminating property ownership or tax payment requirements allowing all white males to vote

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

1824, political scandal where Andrew jackson’s supporters claimed that john Quincy Adams and Henry clay made a deal for Adams to become president

indian removal act

1830, signed by president Andrew Jackson, allowed the forced relocation of natives from their ancestral lands East of the Mississippi river to “indian territory” in the west —> displacement of natives

marbury v madison

1803, supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review, giving the court the power to declare laws unconstitutional

mcculloch v maryland

1819, supreme court case, established the principle of implied powers and upheld the supremacy of federal law over state law

gibbons v ogden

1824, supreme court case, affirmed that the federal gov has the exclusive power to regulate commerce among several states

worcester v georgia

1832, supreme court case, ruled Cherokee nation was an independent nation with its own distinct laws, georgia’s laws had no authority within that Cherokee nation

judicial review

the supreme courts power to declare laws, including acts of Congress or president, unconstitutional

louisiana purchase

1803 treaty, US bought territory from France doubling the size of the nation, purchased by jefferson

lewis and Clarke expedition

1804-1806, journey led to explore the Louisiana purchase territory, to foster a trade network, gather data about the new territory + its potential, find water route to the Pacific ocean

manifest destiny

belief that US was destined to expand its dominance and spread its democracy and culture across the entire north American continent

texas annexation

the incorporation of the republic of Texas into the US in 1845 

mexican American war

mid 1800s, conflict resulting from the US annexation of Texas + dispute over the southern Texas border, fueled by America’s manifest destiny to expand across the continent

treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848, officially ended Mexican American war, resulted in Mexico giving up a large amount of territory to the US, including present day California and more

oregon territory 

vast area in the Pacific Northwest that used to be claimed by US and england, it was established after the Oregon treaty 1846

Adams-Onís Treaty

1819 agreement between US + Spain that gave up all of Florida to the US and settled the western border of the Louisiana purchase 

monroe doctrine

US foreign policy starting in 1823 that warned European powers against further colonization/interference in the western hemispheres

market revolution

early to mid 1800s when America transformed from agrarian + subsistence econ to commerical econ, market-based econ, driven by new tech + better transportation