Chapter 14: Blood

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering blood characteristics, cell types, plasma composition, hemostasis, and blood groups based on the Chapter 14 lecture outline.

What is the typical adult blood volume, and what percentage of body weight does it represent?

The adult blood volume is about $5\,\text{L}$, representing approximately $8\%$ of body weight.

Which three types of cells or fragments constitute the "formed elements" of blood?

Red blood cells (RBCs), White blood cells (WBCs), and Platelets (cell fragments).

In a centrifuged blood sample, what are the percentages for plasma, RBCs, and the "buffy coat"?

Plasma makes up $55\%$, RBCs make up $45\%$ (called Hematocrit), and the "buffy coat" containing WBCs and platelets is $<1\%$..

What is the primary role of Universal Precautions in healthcare settings?

Universal Precautions are safety measures used to prevent the transmission of bloodborne infectious pathogens, such as HIV and Hepatitis B, by assuming any patient may have been exposed.

From which specific cells do all blood cells originate in the red bone marrow?

Hemocytoblasts or hematopoietic stem cells.

What are the two types of stem cells that hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into?

Lymphoid stem cells (which give rise to lymphocytes) and Myeloid stem cells (which give rise to RBCs, other WBCs, and platelets).

Why can red blood cells only produce ATP through glycolysis and not divide?

They lack nuclei and mitochondria.

What are the typical red blood cell count ranges for adult males and adult females per microliter ($\mu\text{L}$)?

Males: $4,700,000\,–\,6,100,000/\mu\text{L}$; Females: $4,200,000\,–\,5,400,000/\mu\text{L}$.

Which hormone is released by the kidneys and liver to stimulate erythropoiesis in response to low blood $O_2$?

Erythropoietin (EPO).

Which dietary factors are essential for DNA synthesis during red blood cell production?

Vitamin B12 and folic acid.

In the process of RBC destruction, into what two components is heme decomposed?

Iron and biliverdin.

Name the five types of white blood cells and classify them into their two main categories.

Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils. Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes.

Which white blood cell is the first to arrive at an infection site and acts as a strong phagocyte?

Neutrophils.

What substances do Basophils release, and what are their functions?

They release histamine to stimulate inflammation and heparin to stop blood from clotting.

Describe the function and percentage of Eosinophils in a typical leukocyte count.

Eosinophils defend against parasitic worm infestations and moderate allergic reactions, making up $1\%\,–\,3\%$ of leukocytes.

Distinguish between T cells and B cells (Lymphocytes).

T cells directly attack pathogens and tumor cells, while B cells produce antibodies.

What are the clinical terms for a WBC count above $10,500/\mu\text{L}$ and a count below $3,500/\mu\text{L}$?

Leukocytosis (high count) and Leukopenia (low count).

What hormone stimulates the production of platelets from megakaryocytes?

Thrombopoietin.

What is the difference between blood plasma and serum?

Plasma is the liquid portion of blood including clotting factors; serum is plasma minus fibrinogen and most clotting factors.

Which plasma protein is the most abundant and what is its percentage of total plasma proteins?

Albumin, which makes up $60\%$ of plasma proteins.

What are the three components of Hemostasis?

Blood vessel (vascular) spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation.

How do the triggers for the Extrinsic and Intrinsic clotting mechanisms differ?

Extrinsic is triggered by Tissue thromboplastin (Factor III) from damaged tissues; Intrinsic is triggered by Hageman factor XII coming into contact with a foreign surface.

What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

A thrombus is an abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel; an embolus is a blood clot that breaks loose and moves through the blood vessels.

What defines Type O blood as the "Universal Donor"?

Type O lacks both Antigen A and Antigen B on its red blood cell membranes.

What causes the condition erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)?

An Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive fetus; maternal anti-Rh antibodies attack fetal red blood cells.

Which inherited disorder is characterized by reticulocytes having extra EPO receptors, enhancing stamina?

Erythrocytosis.