Spanish 2 - Grammar 5

por, para, -mente, reflexivos, participios del pasado, present perfect, irregulares

purpose, goal, special use, point of view

para

effect, in order to

para

recipient

para

future time or date, deadline

para

employed by

para

comparison, considering that (opinion)

para

toward a destination, direction

para

cause, reason (behind), because of

por

length of time

por

on behalf of, substitution, in favor of

por

frequency (per: one time per week)

por

in exchange for

por

through, along, by, around + motion

por

gratitude

por

means of doing something

por

by (whom something is done)

por

approximate time or place

por

irregular verbs that include the “for” so don’t use por or para

buscar (to look / search for)

esperar (to wait / hope for)

pedir (to ask for / order)

the formation of participios del pasado

“-ar” = stem + ado

“-er” = stem + ido

“-ir” = stem + ido

** no stem changes and endings (o) agree with plurals (os) and gender (a)

participios del pasado - what 2 vowel (in stem) irregulars cause you to do

accent on the “i” in “ido” = ído

ex: caer = caído (fallen)

strong vowels and weak vowels

strong: a, e, o

weak vowels: u, i

PP: decir

dicho/a (said)

PP: hacer

hicho/a (done / made)

PP: escribir

escrito/a (written)

PP: morir

muerto/a (dead)

PP: romper

roto/a (broken)

PP: poner

puesto/a (put)

PP: ver

visto/a (seen)

PP: abrir

abierto/a (opened)

PP: devolver

devuelto/a (returned)

PP: volver

vuelto/a (returned)

PP: resolver

resuelto/a (resolved)

PP: cubrir

cubierto/a (covered)

PP: descubrir

descubierto/a (discovered)

haber conjugations

he, has, ha, hemos, han

past participles after present perfect are used this way

verbs in this context and always end in “-o” (no gender agreement

adverbs

words ending in “-ly” or in Spanish it’s “-mente”

carefully (feminine form)

cuidadosamente

action you take with two adverbs

only use “-mente” on the second one

ex: Pace se afeita lento y cuidadosamente.

reflexive pronouns

when one does the action to oneself

terms: me, te, se, nos, se