BIO100 Exam 1

Characteristics shared by all organisms

-order/organization

-response to environment

-reproduction

-growth & development

-energy use

-regulation/homeostasis

-adaptation/evolution

Levels of organization

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, biosphere

What is the smallest unit of life?

Cell

Inductive Reasoning

using observations to arrive at a general conclusion about the world

Deductive Reasoning

using known law to predict outcomes

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Pro: bacteria/archea, unicellular, lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Euk: have a nucleus and organelles

Scientific Hypothesis

A suggested explanation that can be tested, is falsifiable

Basic (pure) science

seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short term application

Applied Science

use science to solve real world problems

Atomic Number

the number of protons in a nucleus (the main big number)

Valence Electrons

electrons on the outer shell

Isotope

variation of an element with a different amount of neutrons

Ionic Bonds

electrons transferred

Covalent Bonds

electrons shared, strong

Polar vs Nonpolar Covalent bonds

Polar: shared electrons spend more time closer to one nucleus

Nonpolar: share electrons equally

Hydrogen Bonds

(Weak)

common with water, the positive H atom will be attracted to the negative charge of another molecule (O)

Solubility in water (polar vs non polar)

polar molecules can dissolve in water, non polar (oils and fats) molecules don’t form bonds and don’t dissolve

Acidic pH

below 7, high H+

Basic pH

above 7, high OH-

pH scale

shows the change in hydrogen ions

Plant vs Animal Cells

Animal: centrioles, centrosomes, lysosomes

Plant: cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, two fatty acid chains, glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group. Regulates passage of substances

Passive transport

no energy expended for movement

Facilitated Diffusion

proteins move material from high to low concentration without using energy

Selective Permeability

cells allow some substances through but not others

Diffusion

Osmosis

Tonicity

Hypertonic

Hypotonic

Isotonic

Membrane Transport

Endo/Exocytosis

Anabolism vs Catabolism

Energy Laws

Kinetic vs potential energy

Role of ATP

Currency of the cell, rechargeable battery

Enzymes

Active site

Competitive Inhibition

Allosteric Inhibition

Glycolysis (Where, what does it require, what are the products)

Citric Acid Cycle (Where, what does it require, what are the products)

Oxidative Phyosphorilation

Thermodynamic Coupling

Autotroph vs Heterotroph

Photosynthesis location

Stomata

Chloroplast structure

Photosynthesis’ two stages

Light reaction location

Calvin Cycle location

van der Waals

attraction between polar, covalently bound atoms in different molecules