Cell Structure and Endosymbiosis Lecture Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms related to cell structure, organelles, and the theory of endosymbiosis, based on lecture notes.

Sketch

A drawing that shows understanding of a concept, where the concept is more important than the accuracy of details.

Annotate

To tell the function of labeled structures.

Label

To identify what a structure is.

Light Microscope

An optical instrument used to view small objects, allowing for drawing and labeling of plant, animal, and prokaryotic cells.

Electron Micrograph

An image produced by an electron microscope, used to draw, annotate, and identify subcellular structures.

Nucleoid Region

The area in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer in plant and prokaryotic cells that provides structure and protection.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that houses the cell's DNA.

Mitochondrion

A singular organelle responsible for converting chemical energy into ATP; site of cellular respiration.

Mitochondria

The plural form of mitochondrion, often used colloquially as singular.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency used by cells.

Chloroplast

An organelle in plant and algal cells where photosynthesis occurs; characterized by a double membrane and internal, pancake-like sacks.

Ribosome

A small organelle responsible for protein synthesis; often described as looking like a bump.

Plasma Membrane

The cell membrane that controls the entry and exit of materials from the cell.

Microvilli

Microscopic folds of the plasma membrane that increase surface area.

Villus

A fold (singular form of villi).

Golgi Apparatus

A tubular organelle involved in the transport, packaging, and modification of proteins.

Rough ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum studded with ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum without ribosomes, involved in various metabolic processes like lipid synthesis (implied).

Vacuoles

Membrane-bound sacs within cells that store water, nutrients, or waste products (implied).

Chromosomes

Highly packaged DNA within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Protein Synthesis

The process by which ribosomes create proteins.

Endosymbiosis

The theory explaining the origin of eukaryotic cells, suggesting that one cell engulfed another, and they began to work together.

70s Ribosomes

A type of ribosome found in prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, supporting the endosymbiotic theory.

Naked DNA

DNA that is not associated with histone proteins, characteristic of prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

Circular DNA

DNA arranged in a circular form, found in prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

Double Membrane (Mitochondria/Chloroplasts)

A feature of mitochondria and chloroplasts, consisting of an inner membrane (from the ingested cell) and an outer membrane (from the host cell, formed during endocytosis).

Mitochondrial DNA

Gennomic material found in mitochondria, primarily inherited from the mother and used to trace maternal lineage.

Maternal Lineage

The line of descent traced through the mother, which can be followed using mitochondrial DNA.

Nuclear DNA

The DNA located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, inherited equally from both parents.

Cell Differentiation

The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function by expressing only a subset of their genes.

Gene Expression

The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, such as a protein.

Local Cellular Environment

The immediate surroundings of a cell within the body, which can influence gene expression.

Unicellular

An organism consisting of a single cell that performs all life functions independently.

Multicellularity

The condition of an organism being composed of multiple specialized cells that work cooperatively.

Specialization

The process where cells in a multicellular organism develop distinct structures and functions, allowing for greater efficiency and size.