Studied by 86 PeopleMath in the Scientific Revolution
Tags & Description
Math in the Scientific Revolution
Standardized math symbols across the world. Analytical Geometry created by Descartes Calculus created by Newton
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
English philosopher and empiricist believed in inductive reasoning Inductive = Sherlock Holmes Deductive = Aristotle
Jean Baptiste Lamarack (1744-1829)
French biologist, early theory of evolution where its based on choice ex: Giraffes want the leaves on trees so their necks grew longer
What did Joseph II of Austria do to reform his country/ who was he?
Son and successor of Maria Theresa He thought he was a failure for reforming Abolished serfdom but it largely came back over time
Legacy of the Enlightenment
-Individualism - Citizens not subjects -Democratic Revolutions (America and France) -Widespread reform democracy and republicanism with Western Europe -Rationalism, Empiricism, Skepticism, and Secularism core concepts of the educated elite -19th century conservatives, blamed the enlightenment for dismantling traditional society, like the 3 estates
How were the literacy rates during the enlightenment compared to before the enlightenment?
-Much higher in the enlightenment -80% for men, 60% for women in west Europe -Lending libraries became a thing because books were expensive
"Reading Revolution"
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
A French philosopher and mathematician who created the idea of rationalism and strongly believed in deductive reasoning "I think therefore I am"
Who was John Locke and what were his accomplishments?
-Wrote "Two Treaties of Government" -Virtue and rationality can be learned
Humans are born with a "Tableau Rasa" (Blank Slate) -Natural rights are given by God to all human beings "Life, liberty, and property"
Government derives power from a contract with government
Against Divine Right of Kings -Favored a republic as the best form of government
Johannes Kepler (1571- 1630)
German astronomer who believed in the helio centric theory but believed planetary bodies moved in an elliptical motion
Nicholas Copernicus
Polish Astronomer and priest who published "Concerning the revolution of celestial spheres" stating the heliocentric theory. He published on his deathbed to avoid persecution from the church
What are some factors leading to the scientific revolution?
Rise of universities
Less isolation and contact with non-western cultures
Exploration and competition between countries
The Renaissance and the rise of individualism and secularism
The reformation and questioning of religious authority
What were women's role in the scientific revolution in the Enlightenment
They were largely excluded from the scientific revolution and had to find creative ways to participate
Renaissance Medicine
Andreas Vesalius - A renaissance physician who performed dissections to better understand anything Created the first comprehensive textbook of human anatomy
What effect did the Enlightenment have on peoples view of race?
Grouping people by race was new in the Enlightenment
Previously people were grouped more by religion or nation/place of origin
Most Enlightenment thinkers argued non "white" were inferior
What did Rousseau believe in and what did he do?
Wrote "Emile" and "The Social Contract"
"Liberty, equality and Fraternity"
Women should be excluded from education and should only be mothers and wives
Progress in arts and sciences does not correspond with progress in morality
A civilization progresses, people become lost in society
Virtue exists in "state of nature" but lost in society
"Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains"
What was the "Great Debate"? Explain both sides
Reason and Logic
Rationalism, Empiricism, Tolerance, Skepticism, Deism Traditions and Superstitions
Nostalgia for the past, organized religion, Irrationalism, Emotionalism
Where was the Royal Academy of Sciences located? What kind of labs did it host?
Paris, Biology and Chemistry
What is the Scientific Revolution?
A revolution in human understanding about the physical universe during the 17th century
What were Voltaire's main enlightened thoughts/beliefs?
Freedom of Speech
Deism
Skepticism -Atheism
Who were philosophes?
Students of Society who analyzed its evils and advanced reforms
What were the main scientific realizations of the Scientific Revolution?
Newtons "Classical Mechanics" system explained that the universe was rational and based on scientific laws
Scientific laws could be put into math formulas and were rational
Progressive thought process and application of knowledge
Laws of Motion
Law of Inertia - An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion
Fundamental Law of Dynamics - The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of an object and the amount of force applied
Law of Reciprocal Actions - Whenever one object exerts force over another object the second object exerts opposite force on the first
What is Ptolemy's significance?
A 2nd Century Greek astronomer who is credited with the creation of the geocentric threory
Who were the 3 main USA philosophes?
-John Adams
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
What was the main cause of the Enlightenment?
Scientific Revolution
Significance of the Scientific Revolution
Abandonment of ancient and medieval system for the elite
Development of the scientific method
Direct cause of the enlightenment
Increased secularism
What are the 13 characteristics of the Enlightenment? Know at least 6
Rationalism
Secularism
Scientific Method
Utilitarianism
Tolerance
Humanism
Freedom
Education of the masses
Legal reforms
Constitutionalism
Cosmopolitanism
Religion
Deism
Contrasts in science before and after the scientific revolution
Before
Reason based, Philosophers not Scientists (Aristotle), No observation or experimental method After
Scientific Method, Secularism in science, Rationalism, Application of science to everyday life, Open-mindedness
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer known as the Father of Science.
Made many astronomical discoveries using the telescope
Used methods of induction and empiricism
Disproved of Aristotle's theory of falling objects
Wrote "Dialogue on the Two chief system of the World" proving Heliocentric theory
Inquisition put him on trial and forced him to recant
Chemistry in the Scientific Revolution
Antione Lavoisier - Who set in motion the Chemical Revolution, Changed the way elements are classified
Galen
Ancient Greek physician who believed in Bodily humors (Blood, Phlegm, Bile) Developed Bloodletting treatments to balance fluids
Carolus Linnaeus
Swedish Botanist Classified and named Flora and Fauna
What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue for? Who was she?
English Philosopher and Feminist
Argued for equal education for men and women because better educated women would help society progress (especially with specific professions)
Very against Rousseau's view on women
What is Frederick the great of prussia most known for?
Saw himself as "First Servant of the State"
Allowed debate and a degree of free speech in Prussia
Potato man
What reforms did Catherine the Great do?
Built schools, Roads, and Apartments
Communicated with philosophes
Did not free serfs
Gave power to nobles
Frequently at war with neighbors and expanded the size of Russia
Added area size of France to Russia
Rationalism
Reason rather than experience/ tradition is the foundation of certainty in knowledge Deductive reasoning
What did Montesquieu believe in and what did he do?
Spirit of Laws (applied scientific principles to society, Checks and Balances)
Liked Republic Government
Sir Isaac Newton
English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician
Synthesized heliocentric theory with "Principia"
Created Calculus
Deeply Religious
Empiricism
Experience is the only source of knowledge
Hallmark of the scientific revolution
Helped lead to the development of the scientific method
William Harvey
Scientific Revolution physician
Described the function of the heart and circulatory system
Disproved Galen's theories
Law of Ellipses
Planets orbit the Sun in an elliptical motion, created by Kepler
What did Denis Diderot believe in? What did he create?
Scientific Method
Skepticism
Applied scientific revolution to society
Rationalism
Created encyclopedia
Deduction/Induction
How did Catherine the Great take over Russia?
She married Peter III then overtook him in a coup
Medieval Medicene
Based around the Church and or tradition
Provided care for the poor
Minor clerics rook on physician roles
What did David Hume believe in?
Argued that belief in God was based on superstition and fear
Atheism
Skepticism
Microscope famous user Telescope famous users Pendulum Clock inventor Barometer inventor Thermometer inventor
Microscope: Robert Hooke
Telescope: Galileo, Newton
Pendulum Clock: Christian Huygens
Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli
Thermometer: Santario x2
What was Madame Geoffrin a part of and what did she host?
Part of "Republic of Letters" (Salons that read Philosophes letters)
She demonstrated qualities of politeness and civility