CSD FINAL

speech sounds are recognized as

the most common type of communication disorder

phonemes are

consontant & vowel sounds that make up a language

phonology is the

study of how sounds are organized & used in a language

virgules are used to

signify the individual phonemes of a lnaguage

example= /m/ /b/

a syllable is identified by

the vowel sound & can have Optional Consonants, before or after it

a Consonant Cluster/Blend is a

consonant that’s broader & a more general term

referring to any sequence of 2 or more consonants in a word

Sounds of a Language includes the

English Alphabet & the IPA/International Phonetic Alphabet

the English Alphabet has

5 vowels & 21 consonants

has a letter-sound relationship

the problem with not having a symbol-sound relationship is that we shouldn’t teach kids to say a phrase like “A, apple, ah” → bc it causes them to remeber that whole sequence

the IPA has an

unambiguous symbol-sound relationship

helps with the classification of sounds, using symbols to read outloud

the Oral-Face Assessment is

the evaluation of the structure/function of our speech articulators

includes the lips, teeth, tongue, mandible, & hard/soft palate

• purpose is to examine how children’s mouth structure is working

• example= if a child have Lip Ties in the front or back of the mouth, then you would know by feeling around in their mouth’s

Overt Behaviors is what you

what are some with Stuttering

can see/observe

• sound/syllable repetition

• word/part-word repetition

• audible sound prolongation

• phrase repetition

• revision

• interjections

• body movments → like facial grimes, head movements, & loss of eye contact

Covert Behaviors is what

what are some w Stuttering

isn’t visible

• fear, frustration, embarrassment, anger word avoidance

Cluttering is a

what is the speaking rate

disorder of speaking rate

• patients show a speaking rate of 300wpm/words per minute

• talking rly fast & their speech/words are unclear

Stuttering is a

speech disorder

• has disruptions like of repetitions of their speech

what are some Word Disfluencies of Stuttering

Sound Repetitions

Silent Prolongations/Block

Between Word Disfluencies

what’s Sound Repetitions for stuttering

saying things like “i-i-i want” or “ba-ba-baby”

what is Silent Prolongations/Block in stuttering

when no sound is coming out for the first 5 seconds

• known as the “silent struggle”

whats Between Word Disfluencies for stuttering

things like phrase repetition (i want- i want to go) interjections (uh, like, um), & revision (changing words mid sentence → i need- i want this)

• these are more commonly seen in everyone

a Pharyngoplasty is a

surgery where they remove tissue from the back of the throat, close to the back of palete.

• this is recommended when a surgeon decides their palate is working as much as it can, but the back of the throat/pharynx isn’t moving

a Pharyngeal Flap is a

surgery that occurs when children are 6-12 yrs old

• the surgeon puts in a msucle to close the lips → helps for those who talks thru their Nost

an Obstructor is a

prosthetic device , used to close or block off an opening in the Palate

• allows for their speech & swallowing to work normally

50% of the time its

Cleft Lip & Palate

25% of the time it’s

either Cleft of Lip

25% of the time it’s

Cleft of Palate

For CL/P : Caucasian’s birth’s are

2 per 10,000 births

for CL/P: Asians birth’s are

4 per 10,000 births

for CL/P: Black’s birth’s are

0.6 per 10,000 births

2:1 Males to females have

Cleft or Lip, with or without Cleft of Palate

2:1 Females to males have

Cleft of Palate ONLY

Face Embryology shows that

the development of the face occurs during the Embryonic Period of development in pregnancy

with normal face development …

what’s it classified as

the Facial Tissues & Bones grow towards the Midline → they fuse tg

• classified as moderate, mild, or severe

whats the % of Cleft of Lip & Palate abnormalites are found by doing an ultrasound?

why is this important

30-40%

important bc they may need to do surgeries very early on them

Palate Embryology is when

• how does it develop

• what happens at week 6

• what happens at week 12

the Lip & Palate meet in the middle

• develops from the front/lips to the back/uvula

• by Week 6, the lips fuse tg

• by Week 12, the Soft/Hard Palate’s both fuse tg

the degree of Cleft depends on the

Embryonic Damage to the lip & palate

the Columella separates the

left & right nostrils

the Philtrum is the

indent that goes from the Lips & runs up the Nose

the Cupid’s Bow is the

point where the Philtrum meets the lips

• the curve at the top of your top lip

the Vermillion Border is on

the top & bottom of sides of the lips

what are the ppl on the Cleft Palate Team for treatments

audiologist, geneticist, ortho, otolaryngologist, pediatrician, psychologist, SLP, & surgeon

Multifactorial Causation is the condition as a result of

Combined Genetic & Environmental Factors, for majority of the cases when they are born with Cl/P

3 phrases of pregnancy during the prenantal period

zygote

embryo

fetus

what phase is the Zygote?

how long?

1st phrase

from conception to 2 weeks

what phase is the Embryo?

how long?

what happens?

2nd phase

from week 2 to week 8

face formation & organ development starts

what phase is the Fetus?

how long?

what happens?

3rd phase

from week 9 to birth

in the 12th week the Hard Palate is fully formed

Autism refers to the

what type of behaviors do they have?

impairment in social interaction & communication

• ppl have restricted repetitive & stereotypical behaviors

Autism Spectrum Disorder captures

• whats it considered?

• is there a spectrum? what does that mean?

• what role do SLP’s play?

• is it curable or no?

a wide range of symptoms & behaviors that a child may show w ASD

• considered a Developmental Condition

• theres a spectrum, meaning not one person is the same

• SLP’s play a huge role with helping their communicative skills

• ASD isn’t curable, but we can question this !

Echolalia is

idiosyncratic repetitive language (unusual language repetition)

• repeating phrases

Immediate Echolalia is when

a child repeats some of the words you just spoke

Delayed Echolalia is when

a child repeat’s something a while later, like days or weeks

• example= quoting a book or movie line

Autism shows in what type of levels of intelligence?

ALL types

10% of ppl w ASD show what type of skills?

what does it mean?

Savant Skills

extraordinary skills w things like music or math

10-70% of ppl are affected by

a variety of physical & mental conditions, that co-occur w ASD

what are the verbal & nonverbal Communication Pattern with ASD

• delays in developing spoken langauge

• Echolalia

• lack of Pragmatic aspect of language (the how & why we speak)

• robotic or sing-song voices

• inability to maintain or iniate language

• responding to a question by repeating it, instead of actually giving an answer

• diificulty w communicating their needs/wants

what are the Social Patterns with ASD

• lack of appropriateness in verbal/non-verbal behaviors

• lack of developing peer relationships

• lack of apparent social & emotional reciprocity (taking turns)

• preferring to not be touched, held, or cuddled

• trouble with understanding/talking about their feelings

• doesn’t show any interest with other

  • example= not liking to drawing or not liking specific toys

what are the Behavioral Patterns with ASD

• restricted, repetitive, & stereotyped patterns of their behaviors

• difficulty w motor control

• peculiar attachment to inanimate objects (having a rly strong attachment to things like a rock)

• being distressed when there’s changes in their routine’s

• lining up toys

• head banging

• rocking back n forth

• upset by certain sounds, smells, or textures

3 theories of ASD are

theory of mind

executive functioning disorder

weak central cohesion

Theory of Mind is the most

• what is it?

• who?

common theories of Autism

• when a person thinks or reasons abt their own mental state & realizes that their’s is completely diff from another (we each have our own thoughts/feelings)

• Baron Cohen

Executive Functioning Disorder expresses how a Deficit in

• what are the characteristics?

• who?

Executive Functions means they will struggle with things like

• planning ahead, keeping organized, following many directions, & combining info from many sources for problem solving

• Pennington & Ononoff

Weak Central Cohesion explains that ppl tend to

• who?

• what has this theory been sued to describe?

focus on the smaller details & don’t understand the full big picture

• Happe & Frith

• this theory has been used to describe these 2 things w ppl who have ASD —> Assets/skills that are strengthened & Deficits/difficulties w understanding other

Developmental Monitoring is the ongoing process of

• what are some of the milestones?

observing if the child is growing & meeting specific developmental milestones

• playing, learning, speaking, & behaving

Developmental Screening involves more

formal tests/exams of the child’s development

Developmental Diagnosis is the

• what 2 things help determine if the child’s meeting the DSM-5 criteria for an ASD diagnosis

final step in an assessment, usually completed by a Developmental Pediatrician, Child Psychologist, or an SLP

• Professional Questionnaire & Behavioral Observation

Voice Disorder occurs when

• what ages do these affect?

• are they preventable?

voice is produced. when we open our mouths, we speak the voices that are unique to each of us

• affects all ages

• most are preventable

the Larynx consists of

many muscles & cartilages , they work tg to produce voice

the Thyroarytenoid Muscle is the

2 muscular bands that are in the Vocal Folds

the Glottis is the

space between Vocal Folds

Phonation is the

physiological process of producing voice

Dysphonation is any kind of

impaired voice

Aphonia is the inability to

produce any voice

Hyper Functional Voice is speaking with

excessive muscular effort/force → resulting in a tense/high pitched voice

Hypo Functional Voice reflects the inadequate

• what does this result in?

muscle tones to the Laryngeal Mechanism, during the production of voice

• results in a low pitched & breathy voice

Abducted means what of the Vocal Folds

opening of the folds

• “abd” = opposite → open

Adducted means what of the Vocal Folds?

closing of the folds

• “adding them tg”

Voice Quality is a subjective aspect of

voice thats perceived by listeners

3 type of Voice Qualities?

breathiness

hoarseness

hyper/hyponasality

Breathiness Voice Quality is when

too much air is leaking out while talking

Hoarseness Voice Quality is

very cracky , think “smokers” voice

Hyper/Hypo Nasality Voice Quality is

too much or too little air coming out the Nost

Register is the

dynamic range of voice

what are the 3 type of Register'‘s of Voice

pulse

modal

falsetto

Pulse Register is the

lowest

Modal Register is

the middle

Falsetto Register is

the highest/top

2 kinds of Pitches?

Habitual

Optimal

Habitual Pitch is the level where

we speak at the most frequently

• everyone does it

Optimal Pitch is the level where

we produce out stronger voice , with minimal effort → less strain on voice

• this uses the Yawn-Sign Technique

the Yawn-Sign Technique allows for

the patient to practice this technique with minimal effort, causing less strain on their voice

Vocal Nodules are

• where does it occur?

• whats the size?

• what happens to the folds w these? whats the result of this?

small & benign/non concerous bump like callous’

• they can form on 1 or both folds, on the first 1/3 of it

• the sizes can range

• the folds aren’t able to fully close, causing air to flow out during voice production/speech (making that breathy/horse like voice)

Vocal Polyp is

• why does it occur?

• where can it be on the folds?

small & benign/non cancerous , it resembles a small blister

• it occurs from a result of Vocal Trauma

• can be on 1 or both folds, usually 1 tho

• Reinke’s Edema (smokers voice, breathy & hoarse)

what is Reinke’s Edema?

the smokers voice

• a low pitched, hoarse, breathy voice quality

• resulting from long term smoking