STS Lesson 12 - Years

1953

discovery of double helix structure by James Watson and Francis Crick, leading to gen eng

James Watson and Francis Crick

double helix discoverers

1973

Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen were the first to genetically modify an organism. genes of two different E. coli were combined. (Bacterium)

Bacterium (1973)

resistant to antibiotic kanamycin (Boyer H., Cohen S.)

Mouse (1974)

used in research a model of human disease (Rudolf Jaenisch)

Tobacco (1983) resistant to antibiotics

1982

allow of GMO patenting, FDA approved of first GMO drug - Humulin (insulin from E. coli)

1993

FDA approved bovine somatotropin (bST) - metabolic hormone for milk in cows

1994

FDA approved Flavr Savr tomato, delayed ripening

1995

Bt potatoes and corn, Roundup Ready Soybeans approved by EPA

1996

weed resistant to glyphosate (herbicide) Super weeds were 7-11 times more resistant to gs. Also year when first cloned animal was born (Dolly)

1997

European Union mandating labeling on GMO foods and animal feeds

Ian Wilmut

led a project in Scotland

1998

GM Papaya in Hawaii resistant to ring spot virus, Bt toxin (insecticide) safe to humans) production

1999

100 million acres gen eng seeds

2000

Philippines golden rice, vitamin A deficiency

2003

Bt toxin-resistant caterpillar-cum-moth Helicoverpa zea (found feasting on Bt cotton crops Southern USA)

2006

Yorkshire pigs producing enzyme phytase

2011

Eastern Quebec found Bt toxins in blood of pregnant women

2012

Paul Francois, French farmer won against Monsanto for chemical poisoning caused by pesticide Lasso (Roundup Ready product)

2013

GM corn and poplar (biofuel substitute for petroleum products)

2014

patent on Roundup Ready ended