INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES
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134 Terms
Integrative Programming
refers to the process of combining various programming languages, systems, and technologies to develop cohesive, functional applications
enhance functionality, improves scalability, flexibility
3 purpose of integrative programming
system integration, data integration, process integration
3 key aspects of integration
System Integration
Connecting different subsystems or components into a larger system.
Data Integration
Combining data from multiple sources for consistent data flow across systems
Process Integration
Enabling various software applications to communicate and work together to achieve a common task.
API (Application Programming Interface)
Facilitates communication between different software systems.
Web Services
Uses XML or JSON to enable data exchange over the web.
Cloud Computing
Integration with cloud services for storage, computation, and scalability.
E-commerce platforms
Integrating payment gateways, shipping services, and customer management tools.
Healthcare Systems
Combining patient records, diagnostic tools, and appointment scheduling
Smart Homes
Integrating various devices like lighting, security, and home assistants (e.g., Alexa).
increased efficiency, cost effective, enhanced collaboration
3 benefits of integration
complexity, security risks, compatibility issues
3 challenges in integrative programming
Imperative Paradigm
Focuses on how to execute, defining sequences of commands for the computer to perform.
Procedural Paradigm
A subset of imperative programming, organizes code into procedures or functions.
Object-oriented Paradigm
Organizes software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic.
Declarative Paradigm
Focuses on what the program should accomplish without specifying how it should achieve the result.
Functional Paradigm
Treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing states and mutable data.
Logical Paradigm
Based on formal logic, using a set of facts and rules to derive conclusions.
Mathematical Paradigm
Utilizes mathematical theories and principles to guide programming, often used in algorithms and cryptography.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
the standard markup language used to create web pages.
<html>
Root element
<!DOCTYPE html>
the first component
<head>
Metadata (title, links to CSS, etc.)
<body>
Main content of the page
Web Services
enable software applications to communicate over the internet using standard protocols. They allow systems developed on different platforms and programming languages to interact seamlessly
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
a protocol that relies on XML for messaging and is known for its strict standards
REST
a simpler, more flexible architectural style that often uses JSON for data exchange
REST (Representational State Transfer)
an architectural style that uses standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE). It is lightweight and is widely used for modern web applications.
Application Programming Interface
a set of functions and protocols that enables applications to access data and interact with other software services.
Public API
Open to external users and developers, often used to enhance functionality (e.g., Google Maps API)
Private API
Internal to organizations for improving internal processes.
Partner API
Shared with business partners to enable collaboration.
Direct API Calls
Accessing endpoints directly for retrieving or modifying data.
Authentication
APIs commonly use OAuth or API keys to ensure secure access.
Data Transfer
PIs often rely on JSON or XML to structure and transfer data between client and server
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
A lightweight data-interchange format, ___ is human-readable and easy for machines to parse. It is widely used in web applications for its simplicity and compatibility with most programming languages.
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
a markup language with a more rigid structure than JSON, often used in ____. While it is more verbose, it is also extensible and can define custom data types.25
<!DOCTYPE html>
declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document
<head>
contains meta information about the HTML page
<title> </title>
specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)
<body>
defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
<h1> </h1>
defines a large heading
<p> </p>
defines a paragraph
HTML Element
defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag
<!DOCTYPE>
represents the document type, and helps browsers to display web pages correctly.
<h1>
defines the most important heading.
<h6>
defines the least important heading:
<p>
HTML paragraphs are defined with the
<a>
HTML links are defined with the
href
The link's destination is specified in the ___ attribute
Attributes
used to provide additional information about HTML elements.
<img>
HTML images are defined with the
nested HTML Elements
elements can contain other elements
empty elements
HTML elements with no content are called
<br>
The tag defines a line break, and is an empty element without a closing tag
href
the attribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes to
src
The ___ attribute specifies the path to the image to be displayed:
absolute url
Links to an external image that is hosted on another website.
relative url
Links to an image that is hosted within the website.
alt
the required ____ attribute for the tag specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image for some reason cannot be displayed.
alt
this can be due to a slow connection, or an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader
style
used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.
lang
declare the language of the Web page.
title
The ____ attribute defines some extra information about an element.
HTML Lists
allow web developers to group a set of related items in lists.
unordered HTML list
starts with the <u1> Each list item starts with the <u1> The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by default:
<ul>
unordered list
ordered HTML List
starts with the <ol> Each list item starts with the <ol> The list items will be marked with numbers by default:
<ol>
ordered list
description list
a list of terms, with a description of each term
<dl>
description list
<li>
a list item
<dt>
defines a term in a description list
<dd>
describes the term in a description list
html tables
allow web developers to arrange data into rows and columns
<td> </td>
Each table cell is defined by a ___ tag
<td>
stands for table data
<tr> </tr>
Each table row starts with a
<tr>
stands for table row
<th>
stands for table header
<th>
Sometimes you want your cells to be table header cells. In those cases use the
<td>
defines a cell in a table
<tr>
row in a table
<table>
defines a table
<caption>
defines a table caption
<colgroup>
specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting
<col>
specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup> element
<thead>
groups the header content in a table
<tbody>
groups the body content in a table
<tfoot>
groups the footer content in a table
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
It is used to style and format the layout of web pages. It controls how HTML elements are displayed — including colors, fonts, spacing, and positioning.
inline css
Uses the style attribute directly inside an HTML element.
internal css
Defined within the <style> tag inside the section
external css
Linked through a separate .css file using the tag
inline css
used to apply a unique style to a single HTML element.
internal css
sed to define a style for a single HTML page.
internal css
defined in the section of an HTML page, within a
external css
used to define the style for many HTML pages