Mod 7-9 Performative Ball Knowlege Pbh 221

What is shed from the body during menstruation?

The endometrium, which is the nutrient-rich lining of the uterus.

What hormones are released from the Hypothalamus?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

What hormones are released from the Anterior Pituitary?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

What hormones are released from the Gonads (Ovaries)?

Estrogen and Progesterone.

What triggers the massive release of LH before ovulation?

High levels of estrogen trigger a massive release (surge) of LH from the pituitary.

What is the negative feedback loop in the menstrual cycle?

For most of the cycle, estrogen and progesterone inhibit the Hypothalamus and Pituitary to prevent the release of more FSH and LH.

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

1. Follicular Phase: Estrogen is the dominant hormone. 2. Luteal Phase: Progesterone is the dominant hormone.

When do hormone levels peak during the menstrual cycle?

Estrogen peaks before ovulation; Progesterone peaks after ovulation (secreted by the corpus luteum).

What is the primary ingredient in hormonal birth control?

The primary ingredient is usually Progestin (synthetic progesterone), sometimes combined with estrogen.

What do pregnancy tests detect?

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG).

What are some risk factors for infertility?

Age, smoking, excessive alcohol use, stress, poor diet, or underlying conditions like PCOS or endometriosis.

What are the stages of a fertilized egg?

Zygote → Morula → Blastocyst → Embryo → Fetus.

What causes inaccurate gestational dating?

Irregular menstrual cycles, memory lapse regarding the Last Menstrual Period (LMP), or variations in ovulation timing.

What are the gestational week classifications?

Preterm: Before 37 weeks. Early Term: 37 weeks 0 days to 38 weeks 6 days. Full Term: 39 weeks 0 days to 40 weeks 6 days. Postterm: 42 weeks and beyond.

What structure perceives threats in the brain?

The Amygdala perceives the threat and signals the Hypothalamus to initiate the response.

What is the difference between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems?

Sympathetic: "Fight or Flight" (increased heart rate, dilated pupils). Parasympathetic: "Rest and Digest" (slowed heart rate, stimulated digestion).

What do adrenal glands secrete?

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Cortisol.

What hormones are involved in the HPA Axis?

Hypothalamus: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Pituitary: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Adrenal Glands: Cortisol.

What is the difference between Germline and Somatic mutations?

Germline: Inherited mutations found in every cell; accounts for roughly 5–10% of cancers. Somatic: Acquired mutations during life; accounts for roughly 90–95% of cancers.

What is the difference between Proto-oncogenes and Oncogenes?

Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth; oncogenes are mutated versions that cause cells to grow out of control.

What is the distinction between Malignant and Benign tumors?

Benign: Non-cancerous, slow-growing, does not spread (encapsulated). Malignant: Cancerous, invasive, and can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

What do lower numbers in cancer staging indicate?

Lower numbers (0-1) indicate localized, smaller tumors; higher numbers (3-4) indicate larger tumors that have spread to lymph nodes or distant organs.

What factors influence cancer risk?

Epidemiology (tracking patterns in populations) and Toxicology (lab studies on biological mechanisms).

What has been the trend in cancer death rates in the US?

Cancer death rates have been generally declining due to better screening and treatment, though incidence for certain types (like breast or pancreas) has seen slight increases.

What increases breast cancer risk?

Higher lifetime exposure to estrogen (early menstruation, late menopause, or exogenous hormone replacement therapy). Pregnancy and breastfeeding generally decrease risk.