LAB 16-18: Respiratory, Urinary, and Digestive Systems

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from the respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems as outlined in LAB 16-18.

What is the definition of Tidal Volume (TV)?

Normal air moved with each breath.

What does Vital Capacity (VC) include?

Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV).

What does Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) measure?

Air forcefully exhaled after maximum inhale.

What does FEV1 measure?

Air exhaled in the first second of forced exhale.

What do obstructive disorders show on lung function tests?

Normal Vital Capacity (VC) and decreased flow.

What is a key indicator of restrictive lung disorders?

Low Vital Capacity (VC).

What does a scooped out loop on a flow-volume curve indicate?

Obstruction.

What does a tall narrow loop on a flow-volume curve suggest?

Restrictive disease.

What is the primary location of urine formation?

Nephron.

What percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidneys?

99%.

What does cloudy urine typically indicate?

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI).

What does the presence of leukocytes in urine indicate?

Infection.

What does the presence of ketones in urine suggest?

Fat breakdown due to uncontrolled diabetes.

What does blood in urine suggest about kidney health?

Kidney damage or infection.

What does Proteinuria indicate?

Damaged glomerulus allowing protein to leak.

What does amylase break starch into?

Maltose and glucose.

What does a positive Benedict test detect?

Simple sugars.

What does an orange Benedict test result indicate?

High sugar present.

At what pH does amylase work best?

pH 7.

What happens to starch in a tube with starch and water (no amylase)?

It turns blue (negative).

Why is a 37°C water bath used in enzyme experiments?

To simulate human body temperature for enzymes.

What does a flat flow-volume loop indicate?

Severe obstruction.

What does a blue Benedict test indicate?

No sugars.