period 1 - APUSH

Where do most archeologist believe the first migrants to America came from, when did it happen, and how did they get here?

From Asia around 13000 - 3000 BC on 100- mile wide land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska across Bering Strait

What happened after the glaciers that created the land bridge melted? Were more migrants able to come to the continent? If so, how and who were they

After the glaciers melted, the land bridge was underwater. Traveled by water across the Bering Strait. Yes more came in the second wave - Navajos and Apaches

Who came in the third wave?

Forebears of the Aleut and Inuit peoples, the "Eskinmos"

After the third wave, three hundred generations were largely cut off from the rest of the world. What did the migrants do during this long era?

Migrants dispersed throughout continents, hunting and gathering resources

Where were the densest populations found when the Europeans arrived?

Central Mexico and the Andes Mountains

Where did the North American migrants shift?

Across the Rockies and into the Mississippi Valley and eastern woodlands

What did the people of Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America) cultivate

Maize to have higher yieldings than wheat,barley, rye, or cereals of Europe

What did the people of the Andes Mountains in Peru cultivate?

Potatoes

What did the cultivation of maize and potatoes do for Andes and Mesoamericans?

Encouraged population growth and laid the groundwork for wealthy and urban societies

review civilization chart!!

What led to the development of large-scale northern Native American culture? Why?

The spread of maize - greater urban density and more complex social organization that agriculture encouraged

What was the purpose of the mounds build by the people of Cahokia?

Burial > Platform mounds - bases for ceremonial buildings/ rulers' homes

Even though the civilization in Cahokia had been abandoned by the time the Europeans arrived, the culture endured and spread eastward. For example, in the 16th century, Spanish explorers came upon the Apalachee civilization. What was their network of towns built around?

Fertile bottomlands along the Mississippi River; Mounds and fields of maize

What was similar between the Algonquian and Iroquoian civilizations?

Shared related languages and life-ways (villages around maize fields, beans, and squash, and dispersed in hunting)

How was the society divided in this region of the eastern woodlands? Give a description and/or example.

To the north, Algonquian and Iroquoian speakers were divided into dozens of distinct societies

roles of men v women in eastern woodlands

Women: tended crops, gathered plants, oversaw community affairs

Men: hunting, fishing, warfare

What was political power like in the Algonquian and Iroquoian civilizations?

No single style of political organization - many chiefdoms (one individual claiming power), paramount chiefdoms (many communities w/ own local chiefs banded under a single powerful ruler)

While most societies in history have been patriarchy (ruled by men), the Iroquois Confederacy was a matriarchal society. What does that mean?

Power was through female lines of authority - women influenced local councils, yet men served as sachems, made war, and conducted diplomacy

To the north near Canada, was maize agriculture as influential as the other areas? Why or why not? What did this region rely on instead? How did that affect the mobility of their civilizations?

No, the north had a short growing season, thin rocky soil which did not allow maize growth. Relied on hunters and gatherers - smaller and more mobile communities

What made the peoples of the Great Lakes especially mobile?

Extensive network of lakes + rivers and the use of birchbark canoes

What benefits did their mobility have for their society?

As many abodes as seasons, long distances to hunt/fish, trade, join in ceremonies

What type of agriculture dominated the Great Plains region?

Hunting and gathering/ pine nuts

What essentially transformed the geopolitics of the Great Plains and how?

European import of horses allowed Bison hunters to be more successful, better military, power over neighbors

How were agricultural settlements like the Anasazi and Pueblo able to thrive amid the harsh climate and conditions in the southwest?

Irrigation systems to manage scare water

What type of agriculture was prevalent on the Pacific coast?

Hunter gatherers - acorns and other nuts and seeds

What was the society like between the different tribes of natives in California?

Hundred different languages and cultures - discouraged intermarriage, keeping independent societies

What type of products did pacific coast hunt and gather?

Hunt - fish, shellfish, game

Gather - acorns, nuts, seeds

How were the Pacific Northwest civilization different from the others?

Material culture - large longhouses home to dozens of people + totem poles to show a clan lineage/ local legends. Additionally sophisticated fishing techniques and dugout canoes from cedar trees

Who was at the top of the European social hierarchies?

Kings and princes

European society was a patriarchal society. What does that mean?

Property and social identity descended in male family lines and the man ruled the home

How did fathers have control over their children?

-

Controlled their work until mid to late 20s

- Marriage - landowning peasants would give land to their sons and dowries to their daughters and choose marriage partners of appropriate wealth and status

- Bestowed land to eldest son > primogeniture

"Hierarchy and authority prevailed in traditional European society because of the power held by established institutions..." What were these institutions and how will they later shape the American settlements?

Nobility, church, village >shape the character of family and society and offered security to ordinary people

In 1450, to which social class did most Europeans belong? What type of work did they have?

Peasants - farmworkers who lived in small villages surrounded by fields farmed by cooperatively by different families

Describe the life of an average peasant. What will this life lead to for them once the "New World" is "discovered".

- On manorial lands had farming rights for labor on lord's estate - turning peasants to serfs.

- Spring: plowed wheat, rye, and oats; during summer: more relaxed life; Fall: harvesting; winter: threshed grain, wove textiles, visited friends, and celebrated winter solstice/ birth of Jesus

- Ate very little and very religious and counted blessing

- Many children died before age of 21 and girls "helped die" so brothers would live

- Once peasants were freed from required work made surpluses and local economies

Briefly describe what trade was like in Europe before the Age of Exploration and what effect did it have on those regions that were highly involved.

- Trade consisted of: spices from India, silks, magnetic compasses, water-powered mills, and mechanical clocks from China

- Principal export: woolen cloth

- Northern Europe had own trade system controlled by alliance of merchants Hanseatic League

- The commerce caused wealthy merchants, bankers, and textile manufacturers to rise

Following the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine in A.D. 312, what religion became the "great unifying institution in Western Europe"?

Christianity

what effect did the Crusades have on trade?

Introduction to new trade routes along the Silk Road and from the Mediterranean Sea through the Persian Gulf to the Indian Ocean + sugar for the first time

How did the Protestant Reformation begin? Why? What impact did it have in Europe?

- Martin Luther's 95 Theses condemning the Church corrupt practices and downplayed the role of clergy as mediators between God and believes people must look to the Bible not Church and German bible

- Triggered a war between Holy Roman Empire and northern principalities in Germany and spread - creates controversy between Roman Catholic and reformers

- Effect on Europe:

o Roman Catholics (Spain, Portugal, France) sought to win souls in America for Church

o Protestant nations (England, Netherlands) saw Roman Catholic as corrupt

Which country was initially the leader in exploration and which person made this possible?

Portugal - Prince Henry of Portugal

What was the person above seeking to accomplish with exploration and what new invention made it possible?

Henry sought a maritime route to the source of the gold and slave trade across the Sahara

- Created the caravel - a better sea handling veseel with a triangular lateen sail

Why did the Italian traders eventually join in with Prince Henry's efforts?

Because they were cut off from Asia due to Ottoman Empire, so wanted an Atlantic route to Indian Ocean

Which country was the first of the European countries to involve itself in the African slave trade and how was the African slave trade adapted to European needs?

Portugal:

- Created trading posts where they bought gold and slaves as agricultural workers, concubines, or military recruits from African princes and warlords

- Expanded with sugar plantations

Who financed the voyages of Christopher Columbus? Why? What country did they lead?

- Spanish Ferdinand and Isabella the 1 of Castile

- Sought foreign trade and empire (national unity) - unity and foreign commerce as keys to power and prosperity

- Plan to Asia

- Spain

Where did Columbus land in 1492 and why did he call the inhabitants "Indians"?

- Present day Bahamas

- Believed he had reached Asia - the "Indies"

Did Columbus return to Spain with any gold or knowledge of great empires in the newly "discovered" land?

Yes. Claimed the islands for Spain, heard of the possible western gold, then returned to Spain

Why was this new-to-Europe land called "America"?

In honor of Florentine Amerigo Vespucci who explored in 1500

why was the Treaty of Tordesillas made?

when the pope sat down and arranged a treaty between the 2 nations in which the Line of Demarcation was established between portual and spain to prevent exploration wars

what was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

i. Spain would explore west of the line and Portugal would explore east

ii. Significance = This was important as it gave most of the lands to be acquired to Spain

who explored Florida?

- Juan Ponce de Leon explored the coast of Florida and gave the name

who explored Panama/ Pacific Ocean?

Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Panam (Isthmus of Darien)

who explored the Aztecs in Tenochtitlan?

Hernan Cortes led army to Yucatan Peninsula, captured Montezuma and took the city of Tenochtitlan

who explored Peru/Incas?

Francisco Pizarro killed the last Inca emperor Atahualpa and took his wealth

Beyond warfare, what else contributed to the high death rate of native Americans during the Spanish conquest? What other effect did the Spanish conquest have on the natives? (Think in terms of religion for the second question.)

- Disease from the Europeans

- The Spanish monarchs transferred their municipial councils, legal codes to America

- Forced many native to convert to Christianity

What did the leading Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) receive from the Spanish crown after the defeat the Aztec and Inca Empires? Identify and define.

- Encomiendas - allow Spaniards to claim land and native labor from Indian communities (grants of Indian labor to Spanish men)

How did the arrival of the Europeans change the society of the natives between 1500 and 1650? (Explain the population shifts and how it led to a system of complex racial categories.)

More than 350,000 Spaniards migrated to Mesoamerica and the Andes

2/3 - skilled males from cross section of Spain - skilled tradesmen

250,000-300,000 - Africans

Mestizos - Spaniard Indian

Mulattos - Spaniard-African

Zambo - Indian African

What did these complex racial categories eventually lead to for these colonial settlements?

a. Created the casta system which created a legal code that differentiated among principal groups

- Spanish originally in cities but eventually spread out

- Spanish priests made everyone Catholic

- New Native American Christianity

What was the Columbian Exchange and what effect did it have on both native populations and European populations?

- Columbian Exchange - the exchange between the Americas, Africa, and Europe of diseases, crops, and

- Introduced to the natives from Europe was

o smallpox, influenzas, yellow fever, silent killers - killing 90% or more,

o cattle, swine horses, oxen, chickens, honeybees, wheat, barley, rye, rice

- Introduced to the Europeans: syphilis, maize, potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, domesticated dogs and llamas

Who was Sir Francis Drake?

- Drake (supported by Elizabeth whom supported English seafarers who took actions vs Sapnish control of American wealth) was a "sea dog" for Elizabeth.

- He grew up a rough, devout Protestant farmer son from Devon who went to sea and ruined Philip's American interests.

- 1577 - ventured to Pacific to disrupt Spanish - Manila shipping. Loss: 3 ships + 100 men; Gain: 1st English circumnavigation + 2 spanish treasure ships,

- 1580 - returned with enough gold, silk, silver, and spices to give 4700% return

Egland's conversion to Protestantism led to the country a rivalry between Spain and England. Explain the situation between Spain and England

- Spain rulers were devout Catholics and sought to root out all Protestantism as seen in the Spanish Netherlands

- English King Henry VIII converted Catholic England to Protestant Church of England to grant him annulment

- King Henry VIII's daughter Elizabeth I retaied Catholic Communian leaving the Church in control of Anglican bishops and archbishops. However, she supported sea farers who had aggressive actions against Spanish control (King Philip), such as Sir Drake

- 1577 - ventured to Pacific to disrupt Spanish - Manila shipping. Loss: 3 ships + 100 men; Gain: 1st English circumnavigation + 2 spanish treasure ships; 1580 - returned with enough gold, silk, silver, and spices to give 4700% return

- In return, Philip sent a Spanish armada to England yet it failed

Elizabeth I was a big believer in in the idea of mercantilism. What is mercantilism and explain how the outwork (aka output) system contributed to it in England

Elizabeth I was a big believer in in the idea of mercantilism. What is mercantilism and explain how the outwork (aka output) system contributed to it in England