anatomy exam review

difference between white and gray tissue in the brain

gray matter processes info, white tissues transmits it

interneurons

regular neurons, “middle man”, only in CNS

afferent/efferent neurons

afferent = towards brain, efferent = out from brain

which glial cell is responsible for the myelin sheath in the CNS and PNS

CNS: oligodendrocytes, PNS: Schwann cells

progesterone

hormone that prepares the endometrium for a fertilized egg to implant

LH

hormone mostly responsible for triggering ovulation

FSH

follicle stimulating hormone - primary driver of follicular growth and maturation

hCG

human chorionic gonadotropin - sustains early pregnancy by signaling body to produce progesterone and other hormones

placenta

develops from fertilized egg after implantation, expelled from the body upon birth. responsible for providing nutrients, hormone production (after weeks 10-12), and waste removal for the baby/fetus

micturition

medical term for urination

corpus luteum

inside ovary, forms from an empty follicle after ovulation. breaks down by weeks 10-12 of pregnancy, produced progesterone and other hormones to prepare the uterus for implantation and sustains the first trimester

seminiferous tubules

referred to as “sperm factories”

important days of menstrual cycle

FOLLICULAR PHASE (DAY1-14): growth of follicles in ovaries, day 1-5 menstruation, day 14 ovulation. LUTEAL PHASE (DAY 15-28): preparation of endometrium for implantation

when does a fetus have all of its adult organ systems formed (underdeveloped)

week 8

vitamin K

needed for blood clotting and building healthy bones

hemoglobin

primary oxygen carrying protein in RBCs. each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to 4 o2 molecules. o2 binds to hemoglobin by binding to Fe2+ (ferrous iron ion)

diastole

relaxation of heart

systole

contraction of myocardium

vital capacity

max amount of air you can exhale after taking the deepest possible breath

atmospheric pressure

force exerted by the weight of air in earths atmosphere

tidal volume

total amount of air that moves into or out of the lungs during a single, normal respiratory cycle

diaphragm pressure changes

air moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure, pulls in air

alveoli

where gas exchange occurs - oxygen enters blood by capillaries and co2 exits, this happens by diffusion

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

hormone that regulates amount of water in your body; signals kidneys to absorb more or less water

T cells

specialized WBCs produced in bone marrow and mature in thymus, responsible for hunting down infected cells and coordinating immune response

b cells

WBCs that produce antibodies to fight pathogens

antigen presenting cells

immune cells that displays antigens of foreign pathogens to alert other immune cells - “wanted poster”

cell mediated response

immune reaction that directly destroys infected or cancerous cells without using antibodies

humoral response

relies on b cells to produce antibodies that target extra cellular pathogens in bodily fluids

origin

fixed attachment of a muscle that is usually more proximal to the body

insertion

more movable attachment, typically distal

prime mover

muscle primarily responsible for producing a specific joint action or movement