COMM 111 Oregon State Midterm

Stage fright

Anxiety over prospect of speaking in front of an audience

Three benefits of public speaking

Personal empowerment

Social empowerment

Professional empowerment

What three things make us nervous?

1. Fear of humiliation

2. Being unprepared

3. Pressure to perform

6 ways to reduce speech anxiety?

1. Acquire experience

2. Prepare

3. Think positively

4. Select appropriate topic

5. Focus on message

6. Channel nervous energy

Visual aids

Move around

Positive nervousness

Controlled nervousness that helps energize speaker for presentation

Where should you start organizing a speech?

The body

What are the three aspects of main points?

1. Logical divisions

2. Reasons

3. Specific steps

What are 5 speech organizational patterns, ways to arrange the main points in the body?

1. Chronologically

2. Topically

3. Spatially

4. Cause and effect (persuasive)

5. Problem/solution (persuasive)

What are 4 types of connectives?

1. Transitions

2. Internal preview

3. Internal summary

4. Signpost

What is a transition?

Indicates speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

What is an internal preview?

Statement in body of speech indicating what speaker will discuss next

What is an internal summary?

Statement in body of speech summarizing preceding points

What is a signpost?

Brief statement showing where speaker is or focusing attention on key ideas

What are the 4 components/purposes for an introduction?

1. Attention getter

2. Establish credibility/goodwill

3. Relate to audience

4. Preview statement (central idea and main points)

What are 8 types of attention getters?

1. Anecdote (storytelling)

2. Startling fact/action

3. Quote

4. Humor

5. Question

6. Personal experience

7. Reference to recent event or occasion

8. Activity

What is establishing credit/goodwill?

Perception of whether speaker has best interests of audience in mind

Preview statement

Maps out main points and what will be discussed

What are the 4 purposes/components of a conclusion?

1. Signal end of speech (transitional signal)

2. Reinforce central idea and summarize

3. Motivate audience to respond (call to action)

4. Memorable ending

6 types of memorable endings

1. Quotes

2. Humor

3. Anecdotes

4. Questions

5. Reference introduction

6. Appeal to action

What are 4 types of supporting material?

1. Examples

2. Statistics

3. Testimony

4. Analogies

The more the better

What is the purpose of using examples?

1. Engage mind's eye

2. Interest

3. Connect to audience

Qualify ideas

What are 3 types of examples?

1. Brief

2. Extended (anecdote)

3. Hypothetical

Must be realistic & use stats

What are the 4 tips for using statistics?

1. Reliable sources

2. Use to quantify ideas

3. Use sparingly

4. Identify sources

What is a testimony?

Quotation or paraphrase used to support main points

What are two types of testimony?

1. Expert testimony

2. Peer testimony (ordinary people with firsthand experience/insight on topic)

What are 3 aspects of analogies?

1. Comparisons

2. Compare known to unknown

3. Helps listeners understand unfamiliar ideas

What are 5 advantages of using visual aids?

1. Clarity

2. Interest

3. Retention

4. Credibility

5. Persuasiveness

What are 10 types of visual aids?

1. Objects

2. Models

3. Another person

4. Drawings

5. Graphs

6. Charts

7. Videos

8. The speaker

9. Multimedia presentations

10. Photographs

What is the nonverbal expectancy theory?

Suggest that if listeners expectations about how communication should be expressed are violated, listeners will feel less favorable towards the communicator or message

What are 4 aspects that show the power of delivery?

1. Audience loses interest without good delivery

2. Speaker loses credibility w/o good delivery

3. Emotional connections (emotion contagion theory)

4. Audience believe what they see

What are 4 methods of delivery?

1. Manuscript

2. Memorized

3. Impromptu

4. Extemporaneous

What are 7 characteristics of effective delivery?

1. Eye contact

2. Gestures

3. Movement

4. Posture/stance

5. Facial expressions

6. Voice

7. Personal appearance

What are two good things about eye contact?

1. Credibility

2. Establish in introduction

What are the 6 types of gestures?

1. Repeating

2. Substituting

3. Complementing

4. Emphasizing

5. Regulating (nonverbal prompts response)

6. Contradicting (bad)

What are 3 things that movement adds to a speech?

1. Paragraphs message

2. Invites interest

3. Immediacy

What are two things that good posture provides?

1. Strength

2. Credibility

What are two things to know about facial expressions?

1. Expresses thoughts, emotions, attitudes

2. Should be consistent with message

What are 2 details about using your voice in a speech?

1. One of most important delivery tools

2. Extends meaning of words

What are 6 components of voice?

1. Pitch

2. Pauses

3. Volume

4. Articulation

5. Pronunciation

6. Rate

***Affects learning, interest, memory

What are two things to know about personal appearance?

1. Affects how audience responds to you and your message

2. Enhances credibility

Still learning (40) answer: d

d