AP lang- Schemes and Tropes

Alliosis

Alliosis

Presenting alternatives: "You can eat well or you can sleep well." While such a structure often results in the logical fallacy of the false dichotomy or the either/or fallacy, it can create a cleverly balanced and artistic sentence.

Anaphora

the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences: "We can make a difference. We can make a change. We can make our voices heard".

Repetition

Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis: "No, no, no, no, no"

Antithesis

the direct opposite, a sharp contrast: "Keep your friends close, and your enemies closer"

Asyndeton

A construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions : "I came, I saw, I conquered"

Polysyndeton

Deliberate use of many conjunctions: "I like ice cream and popsicles and candy and chocolate"

Chiasmus/antimetabole

Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X.: "I go where I please, and please where I go"

Ellipses

Indicated by a series of three periods; shows that words have been omitted: "To be continued..."

Parenthesis

insertion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence: "The blue whale(biggest animal in the world) eats a lot"

Epistrophe

the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences: "Government of the people, by the people, for the people"

Inversion

inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order): "The night is dark, dark is the night"

Isocolon

Parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure, but also in length: "Food, folks, and fun"

Loose sentence

A type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses: "I went to the movies, bought, candy, and shopped"

Periodic sentence

A sentence that presents its central meaning in the main clause at the end: "In spite of the heavy weather conditions, the game continued"

Rhetorical Question

A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer: "What's not to like?"

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds: "Peter piper picked a pepper"

Juxtaposition

Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts: "Sweet and sour chicken"

Anadiplosis

repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the next clause: "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. hate leads to suffering."

Zeugma

a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses: "He lost his license and his identity"

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as: "My dad is a rock"

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as": "Like a hot knife through butter"

Metonymy

substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it": "the pen is mightier than the sword"

Synecdoche

A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole: "Check out my new wheels"

Puns

a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings: "I like archery, but it's hard to see the point"

personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes: "My alarm clock yelled at me in the morning"

Apostrophe

A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love: "Bob would have loved being here"

Anthimeria

the substitution of one part of speech for another, typically a noun for a verb: "You keep lying when you should be truthing"

Malapropism

a word humorously misused: "Texas has a lot of electrical votes"

Aposiopesis

stopping abruptly and leaving a statement unfinished: "I'm so angry, I could just-"

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event: "We need a tony stark in real life"

Understatement

A statement that says less than what is meant: "Just a broken leg, no big deal"

Hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally: "I have called your name a million times"