Carboxyl Group
a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. Indicates that the molecule is acidic because it can easily donate the hydrogen.
Hydroxyl Group
A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. They are polar, and often form bonds with water. The names of the substances usually end in -ol.
Carbonyl Group
Carbon double bonded to Oxygen C = O. Can be a ketone or an aldehyde
Ketone
A molecule with a carbonyl group where the carbon/oxygen double bond is located on the central carbon. Forms a t-shape or plus
Methyl Group
A functional group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.
Amine Group
A functional group consisting of a Nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. These indicate that the molecule is basic because the nitrogen can easily pick up another hydrogen atom, reducing the H+ concentration
Sulfhydryl Group
A functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.
Phosphate Group
A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms. Always present in nucleic acids (Found in ATPs, DNA, and RNA)
Monosaccharides
Monomers of Carbs
Glycosidic linkage
Unit bond of carbs
polysaccharide
Polymers of carbs
What are the functional groups of carbs
Carbonyl and Hydroxyl
Functions of Carbs
Energy source, structure, and storage
Glycerol and fatty acids
Monomers of lipids
Ester linkage
Unit bond of lipids
What are the functional groups of lipids?
Phosphate, methyl, and carboxyl
Functions of lipids
Longterm energy storage, insulation, and cell membranes
Amino acids
Monomers of proteins
Peptides
Unit bonds of proteins
Polypeptide
Polymers of proteins
Functional groups of proteins
Amino and carboxyl
Functions of proteins
Enzymes, transportation, hormones, and defense
Nucleotides
Monomers of Nucleic acid
Phosphodiester linkage
Unit bond of nucleic acid
Polynucleotides
Polymers of nucleic acids
Functional groups of nucleic acids
Phosphate, amino, and carboxyl
Function of nucleic acids
Genetic storage
pyrimidine
One ringed nitrogenous bases
Purines
2 ringed nitrogenous bases
Denature
When a protein unravels; loses function
Enantiomers
Mirror image molecules; left and right handed
Structural isomers
Same chemicals different composition
aldehyde group
the chemical group -CHO
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