Semester 1 Finals Review

8 Characteristics of life

1) Respond to environment

2) Grow and change

3) Reproduce and have offspring

4) Complex Chemistry

5) Maintain Homeostasis

6) Made of cells

7) Pass traits onto offspring

8) Evolution

Lab Question

Question about lab; includes the IV and DV

Independent Variable

The variable you change as the scientist

Dependent Variable

the variable the you measure, the results of lab

Hypothesis

Educated guess

IMPORTANT: If, then, because format

Control group

The trial you compare your results to

What is “usually” done

Experimental Groups

The other trails that are not the control group

Give you results

Materials and Procedure

List of things needed for lab

Includes everything like tools, items etc.

A list of step by step directions from start to finish of how you will go through the lab (specific)

Data table

Organized

Includes all data (qualitative and quantitative)

Adaptation

Heritable characteristics that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

Metabolism

When all chemicals get carried out in the organism

Constants

Things that don’t change in experiment

Scientific Method

Question—> research—> hypothesis—> test—> conclusion

Cell

Basic units of all forms of life

Cell theory

1) All living things are composed of cells

2) Cells have basic unit of structure/function in living things

3) New cells come from existing ones

Cell Membrane

Flexible, barrier surrounds all cells

Nucleus

Structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in form of DNA

Eukaryote

Cells with a nucleus; animal and plant cells

Prokaryote

Cells with no nucleus; bacteria

Cytoplasm

Fluid portion of cell outside of nucleus

Organelle

Specialized structure that performs cellular functions (only in eukaryotic cells)

Ribosomes

Cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout cytoplasmic cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells where lipids are assembled

Golgi Apparatus

Sorts, modifies, and packages proteins for storage in cell or release outside of cell.

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores water, proteins, and carbohydrates

Lysosome

Cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement.

Chloroplast

Organelle found in cells of plants that do photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Converts chemical energy stored in food compounds that are more convenient for cell to use

Cell Wall

Strong, supporting layer around cell membrane in some cells

Lipid Bilayer

Flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms barrier between the cell and it’s surrroundings

Selectively Permeable

Property of membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot

Homeostasis

Relatively constant internal physical/chemical conditions that organisms contain

Diffusion

Process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated

Facilitated Diffusion

Molecules pass across membrane through cell membrane channels

Aquaporin

Water channel protein in cell

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through permeable membrane.

Isotonic

When the concentration of two solutions is same

Hypertonic

The solution with greater solutes

Hypotonic

The solution with less concentration of solutes

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane.

What cell has no organelle or nucleus? They are usually unicellular?

Prokaryotic cells

What type of cells have chloroplast, one vacuole, and a rectangular fixed shape (cell wall)?

Plant cells

What cells don’t have cell walls, have different shapes, and have different vacuoles?

Animal cells

Where are proteins assembled?

Ribosomes

Where can ribosomes be located in a cell?

Around the cytoplasm, or in the rough ER

Vesicles

Store and transport material within cell and extracellular environment

Microtubules

Hollow structures made of proteins known as tubilins:

Maintain their shape/vesicle around cell (like highway)

Forms spindles for cell divisioni

Hydrophilic heads

Part of the lipid bilayer, can interact with water

Hydrophobic tails

Part of lipid bilayer, cannot interact with water.

Where can you find cell membranes?

ALL cells

Where can you find cell walls?

Only in prokaryotes and specific eukaryotes (plants and fungi)

Lipids

Creates majority of membrane as a phospholipid bilayer

Creates a semi-permeable membrane

Proteins

A largey variety of proteins are located within the phospholipid bilayer

Functions: assisting materials into and outside of cell, receiving and transmitting messages.

Carbohydrates

Attached to proteins, often act as “flags”, identifying the cell in some specific matter

Passive Transport

NO energy is required, molecules with the concentration gradient (high to low)

Equilibrium

In passive transport, where concentration is equal on both sides, no net change.

What can happen to cells in a hypotonic cells?

Vacules can expand and cell can burst!

Active transport

Molecules move AGAINST concentration gradient (low —> high)

ATP energy is REQUIRED!

Protein Pumps

Moves small molecules in and out of cell.

Protein changes shape to allow for membrane

LIKE AN OLD SCHOOL TOLLWAY

Endocytosis

A membrane forms a pocket around a particle. The pocket breaks loose from outer portion and forms a vesicle with the cytoplasm

“Consumes” the particle

Exocytosis

membrane forms a vesicle around material then fusses with cell membrane

contents are forced out of cell

“spits” the contents out

Levels of organization

Species-population-community-ecosystem-biome-biosphere

Biotic

Living

Abiotic

not living

Geographic Range

Area inhabited by a population

Density and Distributions

Number of organisms and how spaced apart they are in an environment (clumped, random, and uniform)

Population Increase Factors

Birth and immigration

Population Decrease Factors

Emigration and Deaths

Exponential growth

In an ideal condition with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially.

Logistic Growth

Three Phases: exponential, slows, stops (at carrying capacity)

Carrying Capacity

Max # of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support.

Limiting Factors

Determines carrying capacity of an environment for a species

Density Dependent Factors

Has to do with affecting the population by competition, parasitism, disease, overcrowding, predation, and herbivory.

Density Independent Factors

Affects all populations regardless of population size/family (natural disasters)

Primary Producers

Autotrophs, organisms that can make own food through photosynthesis

Chemosynthesis

Using chemical energy to produce carbs

Detritivores

Feeds on detritus particles, chewing/grinding them into smaller pieces

Scavengers

Animals that consume carcasses (dead animals)

Food chain

Series of organisms in which energy is transferred from one organism to another (who eats who)

Food web

A network of feeding interactions, more complicated than food chain since animals eat more than one food.

Energy Pyramids

Each step is a trophic level.

Three types: pyramids of energy, pyramids of biomass, and pyramid of numbers.

Mircrohabitat

A tiny part of larger habitat, has own set of environmental conditions called a microclimate

Mircrobiome

Community of bacteria

Tolerance

The range of external conditions within a species can survive and reproduce.

Niche

The role of an organism, or “what it does for a living”, the way it obtains resources.

Intraspecific Competition

Same species

Interspecific Completion

Different species

Competitive Exclusion Principle

No two species can occupy exactly the same niche in the same habitat at exactly the same time

Resource partitioning

dividing resources to try not to compete

Predator-prey relationship

predator population follows prey population and fluctuates accordingly.

Herbivory

Eats plants, can impact plants’ size, growth, distribution, and survival.

Keystone species

A keystone species maintain structure, stability, and diversity of an ecosystem.

Commensalism

A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Mutualism

two species in which both species benefit

Parasitism

a relationship where an organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it.

Genetic diversity vs Species diversity

Genetic- Different forms of genes (kinda invisible)

Species- # of different species in an ecosystem

Threats to biodiversity

1) Invasive species- disrupt eccosystem

2) Climate change- forces some organisms out of tolerance level

What are ecological services available because of diversity?

Food production, nutrient cycling, soil structure, purifying water, storing carbon, regulating pests and more.

Preserving Biodiversity

The act of aims to preserve and protect natural resources