A(4) - Bias Studies

Simons & Chabris

Inattentional Blindness

• ppl miss details when focused on one thing → basketball gorilla video

• not generalizable

Freedman & Fraser

Foot-In-The-Door

• ur more likely to complete smaller tasks that build to a goal

• door in face: if the goal still feels impossible w small tasks u wont do it

• not generalizable

Tversky & Khaneman

Availability Heuristic

• The framing of choices has the ability to affect people's decisions (even when the underlying information is identical!)

• not generalizable

Mamie Phipps Clark

Impact of Segregation

• social perspective & environment shapes self-consciousness & sense of self

• is generalizable

Benjamin Whorf

Linguistic Determination/Linguistic Relativity Theory

• the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview and cognition

• not generalizable, done on Native Americans (Hopi)

Noam Chomsky

Universal Grammar

• all humans have a genetic predisposition that makes it easier to learn a language when they are younger

• claimed generalizability

Leon Festinger

Cognitive Dissonance

• the mental discomfort people feel when they hold two conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or behaviors, motivating them to change one to reduce the tension.

• not generalizable, if paid less change private opinion vs not if paid $20

Lee Ross

Fundamental Attribution Error - FAE

• the tendency to blame someone’s personality for their behavior and ignore the situation they’re in.

• not generalizable → they thought the questioner was smarter than contestant (it was actually randomly assigned)