Civil Liberties

Incoropration

The application of the bill of rights to the states

selective incorporation

Bill of rights applied to states on a case by case basis

Procedural Due process

Laws must be applied fairly in a non arbitrary manner

Probable Cause

Good reason to believe a crime has been commited

Exclusionary Rule

Illegally obtained evedence may not be used in a trial

Objective good faith 

Illegally obtained evidence can be used in trial id oocicer believed the search was legal 

Inevitable Discovery Rule

Illegally obtained evidence can be used in trial idk it would have been eventually discovered

Gideon v Wainright

Incorporated the right to an attorney

Miranda Rule

Suspects in custody must be informed of their 5th amendment rights 

Public saftey exception

If a question is asked to neutralize a dangerpiusd situation the response can be used as evidence even if suspect was not read rights

right of privacy

Use the 9th amendment to establish privacy as an unmerited right

Procedural due process

The law ,just be applied fairly in a non-arbitrary manner

Substantive due process

The rights of individuals that governments can’t intrude on like speech and assembly

Griswald v conneticuit

Established and incorporated a right to privacy as a substantive due process right 

Roe

Right of privacy protects the substanceive due possess right to an abortion

Dobbs

Overturned roe :(

Civil rights

Protection of groups of people from discrimination

Civil liberties 

Protections of individual personal freedoms from arbitrary government interference 

Equal Protection Clause

“…Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws..” 

Fred Scott v Sandford

No person of Africa ancestry shall ever attain citizenship

Lwetter form Birmingham jail

Mlk demands fulfillment od demarcation of indeperendce and 14th amendment

Equal pay act 

Banned wage discrimination baed of sex race or national origin 

title IX

prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program

Brown v Board

Radicaly segrated public schools violate the equal protection clause

civil rights act 1964

Banned discrimination based on race, color, sex, religionor nation lording in public accommodations or employment

Voting rights of 1965

Banned literacy tests and other obstacles to vote 

Americans with disabilities act

Banned employment discrimination agents people with disabilities 

Obergefell v Hodges

struck down states bans on same sex marriages and a violation of the equal protection clause 

separate but equal doctrine

established by poesy v furgison, led to Jim Crow laqws

Jim Crow laws

State laws legalizing segregation and discrimination

Poll tax

A tax required to vote, used to restrict voting rights, particularly for African Americans in the South.

Literacy test 

A requirement for voters to demonstrate reading and comprehension skills

Grandfathers clause

A provision that allowed individuals to bypass literacy tests and poll taxes if their grandfathers had been eligible to vote before the Civil War

pre clarence

Voting rights system which impacted regulations on voter ID and registration.

title 2 

of the Voting Rights Act, which prohibits discrimination in voting

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a civil rights organization focused on ending racial discrimination and ensuring equal rights.