Organic Chemistry Functional Groups

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Alkane

Alkane

A type of Hydrocarbon (C & H) Chemical Inertness, nonpolarity, carob-carbon single bonds

Alkene

Hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon DOUBLE bonds

Alkyne

Hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon TRIPLE bonds

Aromatic

Benzene and Phenyl Exceptional Stability and unique reactivity

Alkyl Halide

Carbon-Carbon bond, with high reactivity toward substitution and elimination reactions Can form in degrees 1-4

Alkenyl/Vinyl halide

A halogen attaches to an alkene (C-C double bond) degrees 1-3

aryl halide

directly attaches to an aromatic ring degrees 1-3

allyl halide

attaches to a carbon one position away from an alkene degrees 1-3

propargyl halide

attaches to a carbon one position away from an alkye degrees 1-3

Alcohol

C-O-H connectivity, can go through Hydrogen Bonding, and participate in Acid-Base reactions Can be described with degrees 1-3

Phenol

A type of alcohol when R=phenyl

Ether

C-O-C connectivity with all dingles bonds and their relative inertness. used as moderately polar solvents and anesthetics

Amine

sp^3 nitrogen atoms, hydrogen bonding, and ability to participate in acid-base reactions

carbonyl

most important in organic chemistry broad category; all with a C-O double bond unit flat, due to sp^2 hybridization polar, and reactive at the carbon

Aldehyde

A carbonyl with at least one H directly attached to the carbonyl carbon. more reaction than ketones

Ketones

a carbonyl with two R groups (not being Hydrogen). goes through reactions similar to Aldehydes, but less reactive

Carboxylic Acids

Carbonyl with heteroatoms (N, O) directly attached to the carbonyl carbon, containing an -OH group bonded to the Carbonyl carbon. Acidic reactivity in acid-base reactions and resonance of electron density between two oxygen atoms

Esters

Carbonyl with heteroatoms (N,O) Contain -OR group bonded to the carbonyl carob; they are biodegradable

Amides

Carbonyl with heteroatoms (N,O) contain a nitrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon. main repeating functional group in peptides/protiens characterized by their Hydrogen Bonding capabilities and inertness

Lactone

A cyclized ester used to make polyester

Lactams

Cyclic Amides

Nitriles

Carbon-Nitrogen triple bond and linear shape not a carbonyl (but have similar chemical reactivity) sometimes called masked carbonyls