homeostasis

Homeostasis

Keeping all conditions in the body at a constant in response to changes in the internal and external environment to stay at optimum

Factors homeostasis controls:

Blood glucose, water content and temperature.

What are the two main homeostasis systems In the body

The central nervous system and the endocrine system.

What is the CNS made up of

The brain and the spinal cord

What does the CNS do

Uses neurones to respond to external changes and to keep the body safe.

What does the endocrine system do

Produces hormones to respond to internal changes.

What is the process of the CNS?

Stimulus, receptor, co ordinator, effector, response.

what are the main glands in the endocrine system

pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testis.

which gland is the master gland.

pituitary, FSH AND LH

which gland controls metabolic rate

thyroid, thyroxine

which gland triggers flight or fight.

adrenal, adrenaline.

which gland controls blood glucose levels

pancreas, insulin

which gland controls menstrual cycle

ovaries, FSH, LH

Which Gland is responsible for male hormones

testis, testosterone.

What is a reflex action

a quick, impulsive action that doesnt require thinking (can bypass the brain)

What is an example of a reflex action.

blinking at a bright light.

what practical is used to test reaction time, and describe it.

The 'drop' practical involves dropping a ruler and measuring the distance it falls before the participant catches it. The distance the ruler falls is converted to time using a standard reaction time calculation.

What are blood glucose levels

the amount of glucose concentration in the blood.

What is the target organ for insulin

the liver

what is produced if levels are too high

insulin

what is produced if levels are too low

glucagon

what is extra insulin used for.

broken down into glycogen and stored. it is a large molecule that is good for storage.

what is type 1 diabetes

stems from childhood, needs to be insulin controlled and the body cannot produce/ enough insulin.

what is type 2 diabetes

develops over time, ends to be diet controld and the body (pancres/liver) doesnt respond to insulin.

How is low blood sugar managed with diabetes?

If blood sugar levels are low, glucagon is released, which helps convert stored glycogen in the liver back into glucose, raising blood sugar levels.

how are hormones and neurones sent around the body.

in the bloodstream

how to manage high blood glucose with diabetes

For managing high blood glucose levels in diabetes, insulin is typically administered to help lower blood sugar levels. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, thereby reducing the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.

what are neurones received as?

electrical impulses/ neurotransmitters

what are hormones received as?

chemical messengers/ chemicals

what are secondary characteristics?

things like pubic hair and growth that develop during puberty.

what happens to the ovaries when puberty begins?

eggs start to mature.

how often is an egg released.

every 28 days. (ovulating)

how does the uterus lining prepare to lose an egg?

it becomes thick and spongy

what happens if sperm is present during the eggs journey down to the uterus?

the egg will be fertilised.

what happens if sperm is not present during the eggs journey down to the uterus?

the egg will not fertilise and both it and uterus lining will be released.

what does FSH do to the egg?

matures in the ovary.

what does LH do to the gg?

causes it to be released. (ovulation)

what does oestrogen and prosteregon do to the uterus?

they maintain the uterus lining incase an egg is fertilised.

What happens in stage 1?

FSH is released by the pituitary gland, travels to ovaries and causes egg to mature. Also triggered ovaries to make oestrogen, which thickens uterus lining.

what happens in stage 2?

pituitary gland is stopped from producing FSH and instead produces LH, which triggeres the matured egg to be released.

What happens in stage 3?

once egg is gone, the ovary produces progesterone. Pituitary is stopped from making LH or FSH, and it keeps the lining ofd the uterus thick. progesterone level falls if no egg is fertilised.

what is stage 4?

uterus lining is released and women has a period.

What happens when FSH levels rise?

Oestrogen released by ovaries.

what happens when oestrogen levels increase?

FSH levels decrease.

what does oestrogen trigger?

LH to be released, peaks at round day 14.

what does LH trigger?

ovulation and progestrone released.

why might the progesterone level drop?

if the egg is not fertilised.

what can cause infertility

poor egg quality, poor sperm quality, high oestrogen and low fsh.

what are some ways to treat infertility

using fertilising drugs and IVF

what is a fertilising drug

A drug contains FSH and LH that can mature an egg in the ovaries and carry out the menstrual cycle as normal.

What is IVF

in vitro fertilisation is where eggs are fertilised by the sperm outside the body, in a lab, then put back inside the body to make a women pregnant.

stages of ivf.

FSH may need to be injected into the body to cause the egg to mature.

Once the egg is fully matured, a microscope is sued to re4move it from the ovary and combine is with a sperm cell in a lab.

This will fertilise the egg.

It is then placed back into the ovary and the woman should become pregnant.

weakness of using IVF

• it can have ethical issues if embryos are being killed in the process.

• It may not work

• It is not as efficient for older women

• It has a high cost

• May be side effect from the medication.