apush chapter 10

What were Hickory Clubs?

Where Jackson campaigned

Who was Martin Van Buren?

Ran the machine/upkeep of the Democratic party

What did Jacksonian Democrats believe about natives, etc.? Slaves?

Didn’t care // believed that democracy would threaten slavery 

What did Jackson want to do to the executive branch?

Expand at the expense of legislative/judicial to remove political & economic elite 

What happened at Jackson’s inauguration ceremony?

Drunken Democrat mob destroyed stuff

How did Jackson boldly exercise presidential authority?

Reduced federal spending to pay off debt, destroyed BUS2, wanted to move natives from east to west to take their land

What was the spoils system?

Replaced federal officials with his supporters who were often unqualified

What were presidential nominating conventions?

Jackson fighting against party leaders - wanted common people to have more say in nominating presidential candidates rather than legislators nominating 

Why was Calhoun not on good terms with Jackson and Van Buren?

He wanted to defend the south

What was the Eaton Affair?

Peggy got involved with Eaton (legislator?) overseas and her husband rumored to commit suicide - Jackson told her to marry Eaton and Jackson defends Peggy b/c this reminds him of the situation with his wife

How did van Buren utilize the Eaton situation?

Serves as Peggy’s escort to get on Jackson’s good side = 2nd most powerful political figure

Who did Jackson blame for the “petticoat affair”/scandal?

Clay & Calhoun

What happened with the 1830 bill (maysville road)?

Clay and Calhoun want to build Maysville road which only goes through Kentucky but Jackson vetoes b/c not interstate commerce

What was the significance of the 1830 bill?

Jackson using federal authority to limit federal government

What did BUS2 do?

Held federal funds, issued paper money, accelerated business expansion by making loans, stable currency b/c state banks keep gold coins

What did local banks, state govs, south and west say about BUS2?

monopolistic and restricted state banks & business loans 

Why did Jackson hate banks?

Exercised too much power over economy, he only wants gold/silver coins, doesn’t trust paper money b/c inflation

How did the Bank War show that Jackson was mistaken?

he didn’t understand the bank’s role, which was to stabilize currency and control economic growth

Who was Biddle?

the guy who ran BUS2 - said BUS would destroy Jefferson and needs to renew charter before 1836 election

What was the Bank Recharter Bill? Was it passed successfully?

Needed to renew charter, vetoed by Jackson b/c “unconstitutional and discriminatory against the common people”

What did Webster (Biddle’s ally) say about Jefferson’s vetoing the Bank Recharter Bill?

He’s using the bank to grow the divide between the rich and the poor

What were problems in SC that Calhoun was worried about?

Lower cotton prices (panic of 1819), people moved west b/c Tariff of 1828, overplanting, new cotton sttaes

What were Calhoun’s main arguments?

Tariff of 1828 favors NE textiles > southern agriculture and states should be able to nullify/veto unconstitutional federal laws

Who was Senator Hayne?

Worried about anti-slavery people invading the south and beileves that the union was created so that states could nullify federal laws

Who was Webster?

Wanted to strengthen the union - good speeches 

What did Jackson believe about resistance to the federal tariff?

Supports until he realizes they want to nullify

What hapepened on Jefferson Day?

Jackson got angry at Calhoun during the party = both state beliefs

What led to the Cabinet Purge?

Jackson finds out about 1818 letter where Calhoun wanted to discipline Jackson

What were the steps of the Cabinet Purge?

John Eaton resigns, Van Buren resigns, Jackson forces the other two Calhoun supporters to resign 

What was the kitchen cabinet?

Close friends & supporters of Jackson who convinced him to serve two terms

What was the Tarrif of 1832?

Lowered taxes but SC and calhoun still angry and worried about slavery

What was the Nullification Ordinance?

SC declares tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and invalid - Hayne becomes governor, Calhoun becomes senator after resigning as VP

What did Jackson do about nullifiers?

Threatened to hang them and told the people of SC that they were false leaders 

What was the Force Bill?

Jackson wanted to use the U.S. army to force compliance with federal law in SC - he sent soldiers there and almost caused civil war w/ Hayne

What did Henry Clay do about SC?

Gradually reduced federal tariffs and helped nullifiers out of their dilemma after they backed down

What happened with the Tariff and Force Bill?

SC rescinds nullification but nullifies force bill which jackson dont gaf about - sc gets less tariffs, jackson supremacy of union

What was the Indian Removal Act?

Jackson forces indians in east/south to lands west of miss river (because it’s “morally right”) 

What were reactions to the Indian Removal Act?

Leaders skeptical, reformers said shameful, frelinghyusen and davy crockett say unjust

What was the Black Hawk War?

Chief Black Hawk fights w/ militia in Illinois, also bad axe massacre, natives lost

What was the Seminole War pt. 2?

Long conflict over land in the Everglades, Osceola, 1934 ended

What was Cherokee culture like?

Used courts as battlegrounds, constitution, almost “White” in nature w/ lots of education, roads, etc., Christian, president

What happened in 1828 from Georgia to the Cherokee?

State law extends to Cherokee and they want their land for cotton/gold

What was Cherokee Nation v. Georgia?

Cherokee have rights to their ancestral lands but court can’t give verdict b/c foreign vs. domestic nation

What was Worcester v. Georgia?

Release white christian missionaries living w/ cheorkee b/c anti-cherokee laws are unconstitutional but Jefferson doesn’t enforce it

What was the Treaty of New Echota?

Cherokee go to Oklahoma signed by minority group, pres John Ross says wtf, Ridge (minority) is executed

What was the Trail of Tears?

800 mile forced journey, many died, Van Buren happy, Eastern band held out, creeks/chickasaw follow

What caused Jackson to face death threats (by Richard Lawrence)?

Indian Removal Act, reaction to nullification, trying to destroy the BUS

What did the Anti-Masonic third party believe in? What were their “firsts”?

Wants to preserve democracy - haters of masonics (originated in GB, monarchical), Adams, held national convention for presidency, had specific policy goals

Who were masonics in America?

Jackson/Clay - suspected of being an elite organization that wants to undermine democracy

Who were the candidates for the 1832 election?

Jackson & Van Buren for Democrats, Henry Clay for Republicans 

How did Biddle support Clay and how did Clay lose?

Uses BUS funds, fails to understand that campaigning works and Jackson is seen as a hero

What were pet banks?

Jackson moved federal money from BUS to local banks that he favored

What was the significance of Clay’s censure?

First one - Jackson got so mad that he challenged Clay to a duel

What were bank changes/deflationary policies?

Banks stopped loans, changed paper money for gold/silver in an attempt to cause depression to show Jackson that the BUS is necessary 

What was the impact of Jackson winning the bank war?

Hundreds of new state banks, land sales rose, state debt soared b/c more roads/canals, increased misbehavior from state banks, wildcat banks went bankrupt

How did the annual surplus in the federal government happen?

More sale of federal lands = more money used to pay debt = later surplus of worthless paper money

What was the Distribution Act?

Distributed surplus into state banks, who used the money forinternal improvemnts

What was the Specie Circular?

Federal gov only takes gold/silver for land payments = westerners angry 

What were the effects of the Distribution Act and Specie Circular?

Strained supplies of gold/silver, eastern banks stop loans b/c western banks need more money, ppl can’t withdraw money

Why did southern post offices start censoring mail?

North was sending them mail about anti-slavery - started censoring even though Democrats & Whigs say that’s not allowed

Did Jackson enforce the publications thing?

No - represented split in democracy over slavery

What was the gag rule?

Van Buren’s solution - petitions for end of slavery would immediately be shut down 

What were John Quincy Adams’s views on slavery?

Enabled petitions, best fighter for abolition

What was the Whig Party?

Grew out of National Republican party - Adams, Clay, Webster. anti-democrat

Supported economic nationalism, internal improvements, etc. mainly protestant, bankers/merchants/farmers in west

Who won the election of 1836?

Van Buren (Democrat) - Whigs lost

Who was Van Buren?

Outsider, formed Democratic party, self-centered and led during the Panic of 1837

What were the causes of the Panic of 1837?

English Bank stops loans = closed American businesses = lower gov spending, specie circular and elimination of bus

How did the Specie Circular and elimination of the BUS cause the Panic of 1837?

Only gold/silver = lower land sales/fed budget, BUS = worthless paper money

What were the effects of the Panic of 1837?

Couldn’t sell land, debt, no internal improvements, people moved to texas, banks/people bankrupt

What did Van Buren believe about the Panic of 1837?

Not the federal government’s/his job to help out the people 

What did Clay/the Whigs believe about the Panic of 1837?

Federal government should be helping the people who are broke

What was the Independent Treasury Act/system?

Gov funds in its own vaults in gold/silver, marketplace controls paper currency, states can’t control federal funds = angry, disaster, depression

Why did the Whigs believe they could win the eection of ??? 1840? Who did they nominate for president?

Van Buren refused to annex Texas & Henry Harrison

What was the log cabin and hard cider campaign? Tippecanoe and Tyler too?

Showed that Harrison’s from the poor - also a hero at Tippecanoe and Tyler is VP 

Who won the election? Who voted?

Harrison won - 80% white men voted

What was Jackson’s legacy?

common man, Democratic party, laboring classes W

What were Jackson’s flaws?

“the people” = "white men’s democracy - thinks he’s such a good person that he isn’t beholden to the Constitution