Primates - Anthropology

derived traits of primates

postorbital bar

reduced snout

auditory bulla

prehensile hands and feet

increased cerebral cortex

decreased litter size

altricial young

social care

retained ancestral traits primates

clavicle

pentadactyly

generalized mammalian dentition (heterodonts)

strepsirhini traits

rhinarium (wet nose)

post orbital bar but no closure

unfused frontal bone and mandibular symphasis

nails and toilet claws

dental comb

lemuroidea traits

Madagascar

2-1-3-3

multiple male and female groups or solitary

monogamy

lorisoidea traits

Africa, Asia

nocturnal

2-1-3-3

solitary

haplorhini traits

dry nose

tarsiiformes

SE Asia

nocturnal

partial post orbital septum

toilet claws

2-1-3-3 / 1-1-3-3

unfused mandible

monogamy/territorial

anthropoidea traits

fused frontal bone and mandible

full post orbital closure

post orbital septum

platyrrhini traits (ceboids)

new world monkeys - Americas

broad noses, wide nasal septum

2-1-3-3 / 2-1-3-2

multi male/multi female, single male/multi female, monogamous, polyandry, very fluid + diverse

quadrupedal anatomy

arboreal

large ceboids - some have prehensile tails

small - twins, claws revolved

catarrhini traits

old world monkeys and apes, humans

narrow noses, narrow nasal septum

2-1-2-3

grooming behavior

CP3 complex

cercopithecoidea traits (circopithecidae)

old world monkeys - Asia and Africa

ischial callosities

bilophodont molars (4 cusps 2 ridges)

estrus swelling

hominoidea traits

greater and lesser apes

brachiator anatomy

Y-5 molar cusp pattern

wrists weak point

suspensory anatomy

flexible shoulder joints

hylobatidae traits

SE Asia

classic brachiators

lesser apes

ischial callosities

monogamous pairs, no sexual dimorphism

hominidae includes:

humans and great apes

ponginae traits

orangutans

Sumatra and Borneo

fist walkers

sexually dimorphic

solitary

arboreal, suspensory not brachiators

gorillinae traits

Africa

knuckle walkers

sexually dimorphic

single male/multi female groups

too big to brachiate

homininae includes:

panini and hominini

panini traits

Africa

chimps - pan troglodytes

knuckle walk

less sexual dimorphism

estrus swelling

multi male/multi female groups

hunting