In Class Test 1

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74 Terms

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John B Watson

“Little Albert” which is classical conditioning. Switches the focus of psychology to behaviour from the mind.

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Ivan Pavlov

“Pavlov’s Dogs” which is classical conditioning.

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Classical Conditioning

A learning process where a conditioned response is formed through an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.

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William Wundt, Edward Titchener (developed theory)

Structuralism

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Structuralism

A psychological theory that focuses on analyzing the structure of the mind by breaking down mental processes into simpler components.

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William James

Functionalism

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Functionalism

A psychological theory that emphasizes the functions of the mind and behaviour in adapting to the environment, contrasting with structuralism. Inspired by Darwins Theory of evolution.

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Phrenology

Franz Joseph Gall tried to identify criminals through the shapes of their skulls, and their facial appearance.

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Crainometry

Size of your skull determines the size of brain. So the size of your skull reflected your intellect. Broca.

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John Locke

suggested we know nothing, and everything we know is learnt. We are a product of our nature and our experiences.

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Bentham

“The Panopticon” idea argued we are born evil, wanting everything good for ourselves.

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Constitutional Psychology

Sheldon proposed “somatypes” which was the idea that the persons body type related to their personality.

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The Pygmalion effect

Suggests high expectations lead to improved performance.

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The Golem effect

Suggests low expectations lead to decreased performance.

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Robert Rosenthal

Pygmalion effect

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Hawthorne effect

Increased performance of individuals when being being watched by researchers.

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Solomon Asch

Conformity. Visual line experiment. More neutrals trials increases likelihood of conformity.

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Albert Bandura

“Bobo Doll” observational learning on agression

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Philip Zimbardo

Stanford Prison. Broken Window Theory - left a car outside to be vandalised

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Stanley Milgram

Electric Shock experiment. Obedience to authority.

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Leon Festinger

Cognitive Dissonance. When two beliefs are inconsistent, individuals experience negative cognitive conflict. (example: want to be healthy but don’t excersise regularly)

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Bibb Lantane

Bystander effect.

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Christine Maslach

Burnout

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Bob Altemeyer

Right-Wing Authoritarianism

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Francis Galton

Better the parents, better the children. He made the argument that people get traits passed on by their parents (genetics). Father of eugenics.

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Mary Ainsworth

“The Strange Situation”. Found different attachment types. Anxious, Secure, Avoidant.

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Cultural psychology

Studies the way people are affected by their culture

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Cross-cultural psychology

Iooks at how psychological processes differ from one culture to another.

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Emic

focus on inner culture context. Insiders perspective.

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Etic

look at psychological questions informed by cross-cultural perspectives. Outsiders perspective.

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Individualistic Cultures

Self focused

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Collectivist Cultures

Group focused

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Correspondant Bias

To attribute others behaviour to internal dispositions rather than situational constraints

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Self Serving Bias

To attribute positive things to internal dispositions and negative things to situational constraints

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Fundamental Attribution error

attribute others' behaviors to internal factors (personality or character) while attributing their own behaviors to external factors

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WEIRD

Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic

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Enculturation

Begins with parents and caregivers, because they are the primary influence of young children. Teach kids what appropriate behaviours in their culture are.

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Conformity

no explicit order or direction. Change in behaviour to go along with the group.

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Obedience

there is an explicit order or direction. Change in behaviour to comply with demand.

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Authoritarian Personality

childhood in response to excessively harsh and disciplinarian parenting intended to produce emotional dependence and obedience in the child. Anger is displaced onto other while parents/power are idealised. bad people do bad things.

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Public Compliance

This refers to when a person conforms to the behavior or views of others in public, but they do not necessarily believe or agree with it internally.

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Private Acceptance

This refers to when a person genuinely believes and accepts the behavior, belief, or opinion of others, both in public and in private.

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Normaln Triplet

First Social (and sports) Psych Experiment

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B.F Skinner

Opperant Conditioning. Skinner Box with rats. Positive reinforcement (giving something positive) and negative reinforcement (removing something negative). Postive punishment (adding something negative), Negative punishment (removing something desirable).

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Abraham Maslow

Father of humanism. Potential of good is in-ate to all humans. Hierarchy of needs - motivating behaviour.

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Empiricism

we have to learn everything we can do throughout our lives. Is the belief that all knowledge comes from sensory experience.

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Nativism

we are born able to do the things we end up doing throughout our lives

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Personality - THE BIG FIVE

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism (People scoring higher more likely to feel heightened anxiety, paranoia, depression or aggression.)

Honesty

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Pavlov, Watson, Skinner,

Behaviourism

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Maslow, Rogers

Humanism

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Carl Rogers

was also an American psychologist who, like Maslow, emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people. Client Centered Therapy

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Noam Chomsky

influential figure in The Cognitive Revolution

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Just- World Hypothesis

the cognitive bias that assumes that people get what they deserve

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Machiavellian Personality

cunningness, the ability to be manipulative, and a drive to use whatever means necessary to gain power

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Narcissistic personality

an inflated sense of self-importance, a deep need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others

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Confounding variable

interferes with the relationship between two variables

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Muzafer Sherif

Autokinetic Effect. Light spot in dark room

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Four bioethical principles

Respect for the dignity of Persons and Peoples

Responsible Caring

Integrity in Relationships

Social Justice and Responsibility to Society

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Informative influence

Conversion

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Conversion

Conformity because you think the group is actually right.

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Normative Influence

Compliance

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Conformity (or compliance)

Conforming because you are worried how it will look but deep down you don’t agree

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Independence

could change but might not, personal choice

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Anti-conformity

Constantly go against the grain

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F-scale

Facist scale. underestimates cultural factors

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Depersonalisation, Deindividualism

Loss of self-awareness. You are not yourself, just part of a group.

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Psychoanalytic theory

Focuses on the role of someones unconscious as well as early childhood experiences

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Authoritarianism Beliefs

Authoritarianism Submission - People should do as they’re told by legit authority

Authoritarianism Aggression - If people don’t do as they are told they should be punished

Conventionalism - conventional beliefs “women belong in kitchen”

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Name of effect associated with belief in incompetence

Dunning-Kruger

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Gesalt

How parts relate to each other as a whole reflects a persons perception. Holistic view.

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Humanism

is a perspective that emphasises the potenial for good that is innate in all humans. They reject the research the approach based on reductionist experimentation because it missed the “whole” human being.

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The Cognitive Revolution

In 1950’s emerging fields like linguistics, neuroscience and computer science renewed interest in the mind from behavourism.

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John Locke

Empiricism

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Hofstede’s cultural values

Motivation Towards Achievement and Success

Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)

Power Distance

Individualist and Collectivism

­Long Term (LT) and Short Term (ST)