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John B Watson
“Little Albert” which is classical conditioning. Switches the focus of psychology to behaviour from the mind.
Ivan Pavlov
“Pavlov’s Dogs” which is classical conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
A learning process where a conditioned response is formed through an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
William Wundt, Edward Titchener (developed theory)
Structuralism
Structuralism
A psychological theory that focuses on analyzing the structure of the mind by breaking down mental processes into simpler components.
William James
Functionalism
Functionalism
A psychological theory that emphasizes the functions of the mind and behaviour in adapting to the environment, contrasting with structuralism. Inspired by Darwins Theory of evolution.
Phrenology
Franz Joseph Gall tried to identify criminals through the shapes of their skulls, and their facial appearance.
Crainometry
Size of your skull determines the size of brain. So the size of your skull reflected your intellect. Broca.
John Locke
suggested we know nothing, and everything we know is learnt. We are a product of our nature and our experiences.
Bentham
“The Panopticon” idea argued we are born evil, wanting everything good for ourselves.
Constitutional Psychology
Sheldon proposed “somatypes” which was the idea that the persons body type related to their personality.
The Pygmalion effect
Suggests high expectations lead to improved performance.
The Golem effect
Suggests low expectations lead to decreased performance.
Robert Rosenthal
Pygmalion effect
Hawthorne effect
Increased performance of individuals when being being watched by researchers.
Solomon Asch
Conformity. Visual line experiment. More neutrals trials increases likelihood of conformity.
Albert Bandura
“Bobo Doll” observational learning on agression
Philip Zimbardo
Stanford Prison. Broken Window Theory - left a car outside to be vandalised
Stanley Milgram
Electric Shock experiment. Obedience to authority.
Leon Festinger
Cognitive Dissonance. When two beliefs are inconsistent, individuals experience negative cognitive conflict. (example: want to be healthy but don’t excersise regularly)
Bibb Lantane
Bystander effect.
Christine Maslach
Burnout
Bob Altemeyer
Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Francis Galton
Better the parents, better the children. He made the argument that people get traits passed on by their parents (genetics). Father of eugenics.
Mary Ainsworth
“The Strange Situation”. Found different attachment types. Anxious, Secure, Avoidant.
Cultural psychology
Studies the way people are affected by their culture
Cross-cultural psychology
Iooks at how psychological processes differ from one culture to another.
Emic
focus on inner culture context. Insiders perspective.
Etic
look at psychological questions informed by cross-cultural perspectives. Outsiders perspective.
Individualistic Cultures
Self focused
Collectivist Cultures
Group focused
Correspondant Bias
To attribute others behaviour to internal dispositions rather than situational constraints
Self Serving Bias
To attribute positive things to internal dispositions and negative things to situational constraints
Fundamental Attribution error
attribute others' behaviors to internal factors (personality or character) while attributing their own behaviors to external factors
WEIRD
Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic
Enculturation
Begins with parents and caregivers, because they are the primary influence of young children. Teach kids what appropriate behaviours in their culture are.
Conformity
no explicit order or direction. Change in behaviour to go along with the group.
Obedience
there is an explicit order or direction. Change in behaviour to comply with demand.
Authoritarian Personality
childhood in response to excessively harsh and disciplinarian parenting intended to produce emotional dependence and obedience in the child. Anger is displaced onto other while parents/power are idealised. bad people do bad things.
Public Compliance
This refers to when a person conforms to the behavior or views of others in public, but they do not necessarily believe or agree with it internally.
Private Acceptance
This refers to when a person genuinely believes and accepts the behavior, belief, or opinion of others, both in public and in private.
Normaln Triplet
First Social (and sports) Psych Experiment
B.F Skinner
Opperant Conditioning. Skinner Box with rats. Positive reinforcement (giving something positive) and negative reinforcement (removing something negative). Postive punishment (adding something negative), Negative punishment (removing something desirable).
Abraham Maslow
Father of humanism. Potential of good is in-ate to all humans. Hierarchy of needs - motivating behaviour.
Empiricism
we have to learn everything we can do throughout our lives. Is the belief that all knowledge comes from sensory experience.
Nativism
we are born able to do the things we end up doing throughout our lives
Personality - THE BIG FIVE
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (People scoring higher more likely to feel heightened anxiety, paranoia, depression or aggression.)
Honesty
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner,
Behaviourism
Maslow, Rogers
Humanism
Carl Rogers
was also an American psychologist who, like Maslow, emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people. Client Centered Therapy
Noam Chomsky
influential figure in The Cognitive Revolution
Just- World Hypothesis
the cognitive bias that assumes that people get what they deserve
Machiavellian Personality
cunningness, the ability to be manipulative, and a drive to use whatever means necessary to gain power
Narcissistic personality
an inflated sense of self-importance, a deep need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others
Confounding variable
interferes with the relationship between two variables
Muzafer Sherif
Autokinetic Effect. Light spot in dark room
Four bioethical principles
Respect for the dignity of Persons and Peoples
Responsible Caring
Integrity in Relationships
Social Justice and Responsibility to Society
Informative influence
Conversion
Conversion
Conformity because you think the group is actually right.
Normative Influence
Compliance
Conformity (or compliance)
Conforming because you are worried how it will look but deep down you don’t agree
Independence
could change but might not, personal choice
Anti-conformity
Constantly go against the grain
F-scale
Facist scale. underestimates cultural factors
Depersonalisation, Deindividualism
Loss of self-awareness. You are not yourself, just part of a group.
Psychoanalytic theory
Focuses on the role of someones unconscious as well as early childhood experiences
Authoritarianism Beliefs
Authoritarianism Submission - People should do as they’re told by legit authority
Authoritarianism Aggression - If people don’t do as they are told they should be punished
Conventionalism - conventional beliefs “women belong in kitchen”
Name of effect associated with belief in incompetence
Dunning-Kruger
Gesalt
How parts relate to each other as a whole reflects a persons perception. Holistic view.
Humanism
is a perspective that emphasises the potenial for good that is innate in all humans. They reject the research the approach based on reductionist experimentation because it missed the “whole” human being.
The Cognitive Revolution
In 1950’s emerging fields like linguistics, neuroscience and computer science renewed interest in the mind from behavourism.
John Locke
Empiricism
Hofstede’s cultural values
Motivation Towards Achievement and Success
Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)
Power Distance
Individualist and Collectivism
ÂLong Term (LT) and Short Term (ST)