Midterms and Finals

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Social Control

the process by which a group of people regulate themselves based on their values, beliefs, and principles

• family

• culture

• justice system

• money

• city-state

• belief system

Types of Social Control

Social Control

the process by which a group of people regulate themselves based on their values, beliefs, and principles

• family

• culture

• justice system

• money

• city-state

• belief system

Types of Social Control

pre-modern

strong traditional values, limited social mobility, and a reliance on established hierarchies

modern

rapid technological advancements, individualism, and a belief in progress

post-modern

a society that questions the very idea of absolute truth and embraces plurality,

pre-modern

is characterized by:

• FEW SPECIALIZED JOBS

• A STRONG MORAL IDENTITY

• LIMITED SOCIAL MOBILITY.

modern

is characterized by:

• INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

• EXCLUSITIVITY HIGH ART

post-modern

is characterized by:

• TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY

• INCLUSIVE POP ART

modern

depends on social structure

post-modern

the need of social structure has become invalid

modern

media allows one-way communication

post-modern

people respond media, hyper-reality

• Anthropocene

• single most influential species

We are living in a time many people refer to as the _____. Humans have become the _____ _____ _____ _____ on the planet, causing significant global warming and other changes to land, environment, water, organisms and the atmosphere

• Homo sapiens

• systems, environment, processes, and biodiversity

It is widely accepted that our species, _____ _____, has had such a significant impact on Earth and its inhabitants that we will have a lasting - and potentially irreversible - influence on its _____, _____, _____, and _____.

physical, chemical, and biological

The Earth is 4.5 billion years old, and modern humans have been around for around a mere 200,000 years. Yet in that time we have fundamentally altered the _____, _____, _____ systems of the planet on which we and all other organisms depend.

Great Acceleration

In the past 60 years in particular, these human impacts have unfolded at an unprecedented rate and scale. This period is sometimes known as the _____ _____.

1. Carbon dioxide emissions

2. global warming

3. ocean acidification

4. habitat destruction

5. extinction

6. widescale natural resource extraction

are all signs that we have significantly modified our planet.

human activity

Scientists now agree that _____ _____, rather than any natural progress, is the primary cause of the accelerated global warming. Agriculture, urbanisation, deforestation and pollution have caused extraordinary changes on Earth.

Britain's Industrial Revolution

Some people suggest the Anthropocene began at the start of _____ _____ _____ in the eighteenth century, which created the world's first fossil fuel economy

• coal

• carbon dioxide emission

Burning the organic carbon in fossil fuels enabled large-scale production and drove the growth of mines, factories and mills. Since then, other countries have followed suit. Demand for _____ has increased, along with _____ _____ _____, to the detriment of the environment.

farming

Others argue that the Anthropocene began far earlier, when humans began _____. Even more people suggest it dawned in 1950, when nuclear weapons cast radioactive elements across the globe.

substantial impact

The Anthropocene is sometimes used to simply describe the time during which humans have had a _____ _____ on our planet. Whether or not we are in a new geological age, we are part of a complex, global system and the evidence of our impact on it has become clear

1. Pre-Anthropocene events

2. Anthropocene Stage 1 (ca. 1800-1945)

3. Anthropocene Stage 2 (1945-2010 or 2020)

4. Anthropocene Stage 3 (2010 or 2020 - ?)

The stages of Anthropocene

Pre-Anthropocene events

stage of Anthropocene with events like:

• fire-stick farming

• megafauna extinctions

• early forest clearing

Anthropocene Stage 1

stage of Anthropocene with events like:

• internal combusion engine

• fossil fuel energy

• sci & tech

Anthropocene Stage 2

stage of Anthropocene with events like:

• the Great Acceleration

• new institutions

• vast global networks

Anthropocene Stage 3

stage of Anthropocene with events like:

• business-as-usual

• geo-engineering

• the Great Transition

innovation

process of making changes and introducing new ways to improvesomething, or even to create or make something new

• increased exchange network

• improvement in transportation and communication

• increased incentives to innovatethe denser the population, the more exchanges happened

3 drivers of innovation

Increased Exchange Network

the denser the population, the more exchanges happened

The First Industrial Revolution

• A period of significant innovation that began in Great Britain in the 1700s and 1800s.

• It was a time when human and animal labor was replaced by machinery, such as the steam engine, spinning jenny, and coke smelting.

• It transformed the economy from agriculture to industry, and led to the invention of many other technologies, including the assembly line, telegraph, sewing machine, and internal combustion engine.

• steam engine

• electric generators and motors

• incandescent lamp (light bulb)

• telegraph and telephone

• internal-combustion engine and automobile

• assembly line

• aircraft

• transcontinental railroad

Inventions during the Industrial Revolution

steam engine

A key invention that harnessed the power of heated water to power machines, steamboats, steamships, and locomotives. It was originally invented to pump water out of flooded coal mines.

Arnold Toynbeeone of the first to design an engine in which burning coal produced steam

British economic historian who popularized the Industrial Revolution

James WattThe steam engine eventually evolved into more complex machines, one of which is the steam locomotive.

one of the first to design an engine in which burning coal produced steam

steam locomotive

The steam engine eventually evolved into more complex machines, one of which is the _____ _____

• economic growth

• population growth

• gap between rich and poor

• unhealthy/unsafe working conditions

• pollution

• child labor

• dirty housing conditions

• gender inequality

The effects of industrial revolution

1.0 (1784)

During which period and year of the Industrial Revolution did mechanization, steam power, and the weaving loom emerge?

2.0 (1870)

During which period of the Industrial Revolution did mass production, assembly line, electrical energy emerge?

3.0 (1969)

During which period of the Industrial Revolution did automation, computers, and electronics emerge?

4.0 (Today)

During which period of the Industrial Revolution did cyber physical systems, internet of things and network emerge?

Increased Incentives to Innovate

there is an interest in innovating new things either from copying or trading with the other places and groups

• Large quantities for extra capital

• Lots of cheap labor

• New markets for goods

• New inventions

• New source of power

• New raw materials

• Improved transportation system

Ingredients of a Successful Industrial Revolution

Karl Marx

Who said, "Religion is the opium of the people"?

Anthropocene

the geological epoch that defines the Earth as heavily “humanmanipulated”

• increasingly large exchange networks (with vast accumulated information)

• new energy resources

ingredients of threshold 8 (the modern revolution)

globalization (promotes commercialization and accelerates innovation)

goldilocks condition of threshold 8 (the modern revolution)

a globally connected human society

• enables increased control over and consumption of resources

• leads to rapid population growth

new complexity of threshold 8 (the modern revolution)

ethnocentrism

is judging another culture by the values and standards of your own culture

• Moderate Ethnocentrism

• Extreme Ethnocen

2 Kinds of Ethnocentrism

Moderate Ethnocentrism

Looking at another culture through the lens of your own culture

Extreme Ethnocentrism

Considering another culture inferior because it is different from yours

racism

• Discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.

• It is hatred of a person or belief that a person is less that human because of skin color, language or other factor

ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of owns culture

racism

belief that all members of each race posses characteristics, abilities or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race orraces

• Members of a group make strong connections with other members.

• This bond produces positive feelings toward members of the group.

• Sometimes causes negative feelings toward outsiders.

• Little or no contact with members of outsider groups produces strong feelings of ethnocentrism.

• Lack of education sometimes increases ethnocentrism.

• Men are more willing to express ethnocentrism than women.

• People with low wealth or low self-esteem seem to be more ethnocentric.

causes of ethnocentrism

(MAIN)

• Militarism

• Alliances

• Imperialism

• Nationalism

causes of world war I

essence

is what something is, its universal quality. Without delving into too much metaphysics, what something is and what something does is not necessarily the same.

Martin Heidegger

according to this person, technology is “a way of revealing”

Techne

is a Greek word that means “art” or “skill”

Logos

is a Greek word that means (learning/study) of the techne (creating or making something- skill/art.).

Aristotle

according to this person, a craftsman would never see himself as the ultimate source of the reality of what he was making, but he would see himself as helping something to come into being,- together with the materials, the purpose for which it was used, the form in which the materials were shaped

• material cause

• formal cause

• efficient cause

• final cause

4 causes of Aristotle

• material

• final

• efficient

• formal

• _____ cause: that of which something is mad

• _____ cause: the end, that for the sake of which a thing is done

• _____ cause: the primary source of knowledge

• _____ cause: the account of what it is to be

intention

is defined as a state of mind in which we are directed towards something or someone.

Post-Modernism

• A philosophical and cultural movement that emerged in the mid-20th century. '

• Reaction to the perceived failures and limitations of Modernism.

• Emphasizes skepticism, relativism, and the deconstruction of grand narratives.

Modernism

A movement rooted in rationality, progress, and universal truths

Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)

refers to a psychology based on the Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings, behaviors and must derive from indigenous Filipino sources, language, and methods. nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong Pilipino

• Prospero Covar

• Zeus Salazar

• Alfredo Lagmay

Western education that made Sikolohiyang Pilipino founder Virgilio Enriquez realize the need to have a psychology based on the experience, ideas, and orientation of the Filipinos. Together with three other colleagues— _____ _____ (anthropologist), and _____ _____ (historian), and _____ _____ (psychologist) —they helped establish the foundation for a psychology of and for the Filipinos

kapwa

• is the core construct of Filipino Psychology.

• refers to community; not doing things alone.

• has two categories, Ibang Tao (other people) and Hindi Ibang Tao (not other people).

• pakikitungo

• pakikisalamuha

• pakikilahok

• pakikibagay

• pakikisama

the 5 domains under the Ibang Tao ("outsider") construct

• pakikipagpalagayang-loob

• pakikisangkot

• pakikipagkaisa

the 3 domains under the Hindi Ibang Tao ("one-of-us") construct

• Pakikitungo

• Pakikilahok

• Pakikibagay

• Pakikisalamuha

• Pakikisama

• In Confucian ethics, right behavior meant right demeanor towards authorities (Parents, Elders, etc.).

• act of joining - This translates to participation of the entire community to help a person.

• conformity - This runs into conflict with individuality which many Filipinos in fact willingly throw away in favor of conformity with demands of those who are in charge

• act of mixing - This is a social value that is primarily communitarian and Confucian. It espouses the ability to adapt.

• being united with the group.

• Pakikipagpalagayang-loob

• Pakikipagkaisa

• Pakikisangkot

• act of mutual trust

• being one with others

• act of joining others

pakiramdam

Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception of others' emotions, as a basic tool to guide his dealings with other people

1. pakikitungo

2. pakikisalamuha

3. pakikilahok

4. pakikibagay

5. pakikisama

6. pakikipagpalagayang-loob

7. pakikisangkot

8. pakikiisa

lalim ng samahan

kagandahang-loob

Shared humanity. This refers to being able to help other people in dire need due to a perception of being together as a part of one Filipino humanity

hiya

Loosely translated as 'shyness’

utang na loob

Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors— whether these were asked for or not—when it is needed or wanted

Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa

Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority

Bahala Na

translates literally as "leave it up to God (Bathala)" and it is used as an expression, almost universally, in Filipino culture. Filipinos engage in the bahala na attitude as a culture-influenced adaptive coping strategy when faced with challenging situations

lakas ng loob

This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties.

pakikibaka

Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy

karangalan

Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth

puri

the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her worth. This compels a common Filipino to conform to social norms, regardless how obsolete they are

dangal

the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth.

katarungan

Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a person

kalayaan

Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity)

• Pakikipagkuwentuhan

• Panunuluyan

• Pagdadalaw-dalaw

• Pagtatanung-tanong

• Pakikiramdam

approaches and methods used in Filipino Psychology

Pakikipagkuwentuhan

In this method, the researcher engages in a story-telling with an umpukan. The researcher merely serves as the facilitator, while the kalahok or participants are the one who are to talk. The term kwento, from the Spanish word cuento, literally means 'to tell a story'.

Panunuluyan

In this method, the researcher stays in the home of his kalahok or participant while he conducts the research with consent by the host family, whose head serves as the tulay to an umpukan. The term tuloy, which is the root word of the term panunuluyan, literally means 'to go in’

Pagdadalaw-dalaw: In this method, the researcher occasionally visits the house of his host as op

In this method, the researcher occasionally visits the house of his host as opposed to staying in the house

Pagtatanung-tanong

In this method, the researcher undergoes a kind of questioning session with his kalahok or participants. In this method, however, 'lead questions' (those questions which directly refer to the topic being studied) are not supposed to be asked, instead the questions to be asked are supposed to have been derived from the kalahok's answers themselves. The word tanong literally means 'question

Pakikiramdam

In this approach, the researcher uses entirely his/her own feelings or emotions to justify if his participants or kalahok are ready to be part of his research or not. The term damdam literally means 'inner perception of emotions'

Filipino psychopathology, or sikopatolohiya

is the study of abnormal psychology in the Filipino context. Several mental disorders have been identified that culture-bound syndromes, and can therefore be found only in the Philippines or in other societies with which Filipinos share cultural connections

Amok

Malayan mood disorder, more aptly called "Austronesian Mood Disorder", in which a person suddenly loses control of himself and goes into a killing frenzy, after which he/she hallucinates and falls into a trance. After he/she wakes up, he has absolutely no memory of the event

Bangungot

A relatively common occurrence in which a person suddenly loses control of his respiration and digestion, and falls into a coma and ultimately to death. The person is believed to dream of falling into a deep abyss at the onset of his death. This syndrome has been repeatedly linked to Thailand's Brugada syndrome and to the ingestion of rice. However, no such medical ties have been proven.

Filipino psychomedicine, or sikomedikal

is the application of basic psychology to native healing practices loosely considered as 'medicine'. These practices are closely tied to the faith healers, as well as to the native pagan priestesses like the babaylan or katalonan, who were suppressed by the Spaniards during their colonization of the Philippines

hilot

The use of massage to aid a pregnant mother in the delivery of her child.

kulam

Hex or bewitchment.