world hist 2nd sem exam

ideologies

system of thought and belief

autonomy

self rule

radical

one who favors extreme changes

recession

period of reduced economic activity

peninsular

in spanish colonial america, a person born in spain

creole

in Spanish colonial America, an American-born descendant of Spanish settlers

mestizos

in Spanish colonial America, a person of Native American and European descent

simon bolivar

(1783-1830) was a South American soldier and leader who was instrumental in the revolutions against Spain. He was born into wealth and educated in Spain. After France invaded Spain, he became involved in the resistance movement and played a key role in the Latin American fight for independence. He died in 1830 from tuberculosis.

toussaint l’ouverture

(1743-1803) was born in Haiti as the son of an educated slave. He led an army of slaves, who he trained in guerrilla warfare, in a revolt against the French colonists. He was captured in 1802 by French forces and died in prison a year later.

father miguel hidalgo

(1753-1811) was a Catholic priest in Mexico. He led Indians and mestizos in a revolution against the Spanish until he was captured and killed in 1811.

father jose morelos

(1765-1815) was a Catholic priest who took command of the revolutionary movement after Father Miguel Hidalgo's death. He led the movement throughout southern Mexico, and in 1813, he called the Congress of Chilpancingo to form a government. In 1815 he was captured and executed as a traitor.

otto von bismarck

(1815-1898) worked briefly as a civil servant before his career in government. He served as a diplomat to the German Federation, and he became chancellor of the German Empire in 1871, a position he held for 19 years.

chancellor

 the highest official of a monarch, prime minister

realpolitik

realistic politics based on the needs of the state

kaiser

emperor of germany

reich

german empire

kulturkampf

Bismarck's "battle for civilization," intended to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church

William II

(1859-1941) was the last German emperor and king of Prussia. He ruled the German empire and the kingdom of Prussia from 1888 to 1918. He led Germany into World War I. An ineffective military leader, he lost the support of his army and fled to exile in the Netherlands in November 1918.

anarchists

person who wants to abolish all government

emigration

movement away from one's homeland

benjamin disraeli

(1804-1881) was a leading Conservative politician and spent seven years as prime minister. Along with other political leaders, Disraeli worked to expand suffrage and slowly transformed the British Parliament during the 1800s into a more democratic institution. His spearheading of the Second Reform Act of 1867, allowed more men to vote, including members of the working class. Disraeli also focused on other social reforms, including public health laws and recognition of workers' unions.

rotten boroughs

rural town in England that sent members to Parliament despite having few or no voters

electorate

body of people allowed to vote

Secret ballot

votes cast without announcing them publicly

Queen Victoria

(1819-1901) reigned from 1837 until 1901, the longest reign in British history. She symbolized British life during the period now known as the Victorian age. She set a tone of moral respectability and strict social manners. A trend-setter for the growing middle class, she introduced customs such as displaying a Christmas tree (a German practice) and wearing a white wedding gown.

Parliamentary Democracy

a form of government in which the executive leaders (usually a prime minister and cabinet) are chosen by and responsible to the legislature (parliament), are also members of it

Free trade

trade between countries without quotas, tariffs, or other restrictions

Abolition

the campaign against slavery and the slave trade

Absentee landlords

one who owns a large estate but does not live there

Home rule

local self government

Napoleon III

French president that became emporer, re-established abosolutism and global conquest for france , universal male suffrage

Suez Canal

a canal in Egypt linking the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, which also links Europe to ports in Asia and East Africa

Premier

 prime minister

Coalition

temporary alliance of various political parties

Dreyfus Affair

a political scandal that caused deep divisions in France; it centered on the 1894 wrongful conviction for treason of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army.

Libel

knowing publication of false and damaging statements

Zionism

 a movement devoted to rebuilding a Jewish state in the ancient homeland

Francis Joseph

(1830-1916) became emperor of Austria in 1848 after the abdication of Ferdinand I. After the creation of the Dual Monarchy in 1867, he also became king of Hungary. In 1879, he formed an alliance with Germany, which was led by the Prussians. His handling of relations with Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, in 1914 was one of the catalysts for World War I.

Ferenc Deak

abolisinist for hungary

Dual Monarchy

 the monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Alexander II

(1818-1881), son of emperor Nicholas I, became tsar in 1855. assumed power in the middle of the Crimean War, which revealed Russia's backwardness. He instituted broad modernizing reforms, including emancipating the serfs in 1861. However, growing internal rebellion and increased revolutionary activity in Poland led to enact repressive measures. He was assassinated in 1881.

Emancipation

granting of freedom to serfs or slaves

Zemstvos

local elected assembly set up in Russia under alexander II

Pogroms

violent attack on a Jewish community

Duma

elected national legislature in Russia

Peter Stolypin

 (1862-1911) was a Russian statesman under Tsar Nicholas II. He served as minister of the interior and president of the Council of Ministers. Although he instituted agricultural reforms that improved the lives of the peasantry, he made enemies on both sides of the political spectrum. He was assassinated in 1911.

Apartheid

a policy of rigid segregation in South Africa

Reza Khan

was the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty and Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941. Rising from a military officer in the Persian Cossack Brigade to Minister of War and Prime Minister, he seized power, modernized Iran with infrastructure projects (including the Trans-Iranian Railway), established a secular state, and ultimately abdicated during World War II

Pan-Arabism

movement in which arabs sought to unite all arabs into one state

Balfour Declaration

statement issued by the british gov 1917 supporting the idea of a homeland for Jews in the Palestine Mandate

May Fourth Movement

cultural movement in China that sought to reform China and make it stronger

Guomindang

Nationalist party, active in China from 1912-1949

Jiang Jieshi

a Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman who led the Republic of China from 1928 until his death in 1975

Mao Zedong

was a Chinese revolutionary, politician, writer, political theorist and the founder of the People's Republic of China. He led China from the PRC's establishment in October 1949 until his death in September 1976, primarily through his role as the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party

Long March

march where a group of chinese communists retreated from guomindang forces by marching over 6000 miles

Manchuria

Historic province in northeastern China, rich in natural resources

Hirohito

reigned over Japan during its militaristic expansion, World War II, and subsequent post-war reconstruction (1926-1989). He was the longest-serving emperor in Japanese history, presiding over the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan's surrender, and the nation's post-war rise as a global power

Appeasement

policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands in order to keep the peace

Neutrality Acts

A series of acts passed by the U.S. Congress from 1935 to 1939 that aimed to keep the U.S. from becoming involved in WWII

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Anschluss

The union of Austria and Germany

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

Pacifism

opposition to all war

Fransico Franco

facist dictator of spain led nationalists to victory in spanish war

Sudetenland

A region of western Czechoslovakia

Blitzkrieg

"lightning war"—a form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces.

Vichy

City in central France where a puppet state governed unoccupied France and the French colonies

Atlantic Charter

agreement where roosevelt and churchill set goals for the defeat of nazi germany and for the postwar world

Hideki Tojo

japanese army general who was the leader of japan for most of WWII, directly responsible for pearl harbor

Island-hopping

Allied strategy of capturing some Japanese islands while bypassing others

Kamikaze

Japanese pilot who undertook a suicide mission

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Entente

Nonbinding agreement to follow common policies

Militarism

Glorification of the military; buildup of armies and weapons

Ultimatum

Final set of demands that must be accepted or rejected

Mobilize

Prepare military forces for war

Neutrality

Policy of supporting neither side in a war

Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s strategy to avoid a two-front war by quickly defeating France through Belgium

Trench Warfare

Fighting from deep trenches; led to stalemate on the Western Front

Zeppelins

Large gas-filled airships used by Germany for bombing

U-boats

German submarines used to attack ships

Convoys

Groups of merchant ships protected by warships

Dardanelles

Strategic strait connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean

Total War

Using all a nation’s resources for war

Conscription

The draft; required military service

H.M.S. Lusitania

British ship sunk by Germany in 1915, killed civilians

Propaganda

Information used to influence opinions

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan to prevent future wars

Self-determination

Right of people to choose their own government

Armistice

Agreement to stop fighting

Spanish Influenza Pandemic

Deadly global flu in 1918 that killed millions

Reparations

Payments for war damages

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty that ended WWI and punished Germany

League of Nations

International group formed to keep peace

Proletariat

Working class

Soviets

Councils of workers and soldiers

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks; created Marxism-Leninism

Marxism

Theory based on class struggle leading to socialism/communism

October Revolution

Bolshevik takeover of Russia

 Imperialism

The policy of 1 country's political, economic, or cultural domination over other lands and territories