AP Art History Unit 3

Catacomb of Priscilla. Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 200-400 C.E. Excavated tufa and fresco.

Santa Sabina. Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 422-432 C.E. Brick and stone, wooden roof.

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis. Early Byzantine Europe. Early sixth century C.E. Illuminated manuscript (tempera, gold, and silver on purple vellum).

San Vitale. Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. c. 526-547 C.E. Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic.

Hagia Sophia. Constantinople (Istanbul). Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. 532-537 C.E. Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer.

Merovingian looped fibulae. Early medieval Europe. Mid-sixth century C.E. Silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones.

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George. Early Byzantine Europe. Sixth or early seventh century C.E. Encaustic on wood.

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St. Luke incipit page. Early medieval (Hiberno Saxon) Europe. c. 700 C.E. Illuminated manuscript (ink, pigments, and gold on vellum).

Church of Sainte-Foy. Conques, France. Romanesque Europe. Church: c. 1050- 1130 C.E.; Reliquary of Saint Foy: ninth century C.E., with later additions. Stone (architecture); stone and paint (tympanum); gold, silver, gemstones, and enamel over wood (reliquary).

Bayeux Tapestry. Romanesque Europe (English or Norman). c. 1066-1080 C.E. Embroidery on linen.

Chartres Cathedral. Chartres, France. Gothic Europe. Original construction c. 1145- 1155 C.E.; reconstructed c. 1194-1220 C.E. Limestone, stained glass.

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocalypse from Bibles moralisées. Gothic Europe. c. 1225-1245 C.E. Illuminated manuscript (ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum).

Röttgen Pietà. Late medieval Europe. c. 1300-1325 C.E. Painted wood.

Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel, including Lamentation. Padua, Italy. Unknown architect; Giotto di Bondone (artist). Chapel: c. 1303 C.E.; Fresco: c. 1305. Brick (architecture) and fresco.

Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover). Late medieval Spain. c. 1320 C.E. Illuminated manuscript (pigments and gold leaf on vellum).

aisle

The portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers.

ambulatory

A covered walkway, outdoors (as in a church cloister) or indoors; especially the passageway around the apse and the choir of a church.

apostle

Greek, "messenger." One of the 12 disciples of Jesus.

apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a building, commonly found at the east end of a church.

arcade

A series of arches supported by piers or columns.

Arcadian (adj.)

In Renaissance and later art, depictions of an idyllic place of rural peace and simplicity. Derived from Arcadia, an ancient district of the central Peloponnesus in southern Greece.

archivolt

The continuous molding framing an arch. In Romanesque or Gothic architecture, one of the series of concentric bands framing the tympanum.

atrium

the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica.

baldacchino

A canopy on columns, frequently built over an altar. See also ciborium.

baldric

A sashlike belt worn over one shoulder and across the chest to support a sword.

baptistery

In Christian architecture, the building used for baptism, usually situated next to a church.

Baroque

The traditional blanket designation for European art from 1600 to 1750. The stylistic term Baroque, which describes art that features dramatic theatricality and elaborate ornamentation in contrast to the simplicity and orderly rationality of Renaissance art, is most appropriately applied to Italian art of this period. The term derives from barroco, Portuguese for "irregularly shaped pearl."

campanile

A bell tower of a church, usually, but not always, freestanding.

cathedral

A bishop's church. The word derives from cathedra, referring to the bishop's seat.

Caroline minuscule

The alphabet that Carolingian scribes perfected, from which our modern alphabet was developed.

Carolingian (adj.)

Pertaining to the empire of Charlemagne (Latin, Carolus Magnus) and his successors.

carpet page

In early medieval manuscripts, a decorative page resembling a textile.

catacombs

Subterranean networks of rock-cut galleries and chambers designed as cemeteries for the burial of the dead.

choir

The space reserved for the clergy and singers in the church, usually east of the transept but, in some instances, extending into the nave.

central plan

The horizontal arrangement of the parts of a building or of the buildings and streets of a city or town, or a drawing or diagram showing such an arrangement. In an axial plan, the parts of a building are organized longitudinally, or along a given axis; in a central plan, the parts of the structure are of equal or almost equal dimensions around the center.

chancel arch

In older churches, the arch separating the chancel from the nave of a church.

chasing

The engraving or embossing of metal.

Chi-Ro

Christian symbol for Christ (a Christogram): the first two letters of Christ in Greek [Kristos]. Often shown with the Greek letters Alpha (A) and Omega (lower case ώ or upper case Ω), the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet

chiaoscuro

An Italian word literally meaning "light-dark." Used to describe the skillful management of value to create the illusion of three-dimensional forms in a drawing or painting.

chiaroscuro woodcut

A woodcut technique using two blocks of wood instead of one. The printmaker carves and inks one block in the usual way in order to produce a traditional black and white print. Then the artist cuts a second block consisting of broad highlights that can be inked in gray or color and printed over the first block's impression.

cloison

French, "partition." A cell made of metal wire or a narrow metal strip soldered edgeup to a metal base to hold enamel, semiprecious stones, pieces of colored glass, or glass paste fired to resemble sparkling jewels.

Cloisonné

A decorative metalwork technique employing cloisons; also, decorative brickwork in later Byzantine architecture.

cloister

A monastery courtyard, usually with covered walks or ambulatories along its sides.

compound pier

A pier with a group, or cluster, of attached shafts, or responds, especially characteristic of Gothic architecture.

codex (pl. codices)

Separate pages of vellum or parchment bound together at one side; the predecessor of the modern book. The codex superseded the rotulus. In Mesoamerica, a painted and inscribed book on long sheets of bark paper or deerskin coated with fine white plaster and folded into accordion like pleats.

crossing

The space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept.

crossing square

The area in church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept of equal width, often found in Ottonian Churches

Crusades

In medieval Europe, armed pilgrimages aimed at recapturing the Holy Land from the Muslims.

cruciform

Cross shaped.

crypt

A vaulted space under part of a building, wholly or partly underground; in churches, normally the portion under an apse or a chevet.

cubiculum (pl. cubicula).

A chamber in an Early Christian catacomb that served as a mortuary chapel.

diaphragm arch

A transverse, wall-bearing arch that divides a vault or a ceiling into compartments, providing a kind of firebreak.

diptych

A two-paneled painting or altarpiece; also, an ancient Roman, Early Christian, or Byzantine hinged writing tablet, often of ivory and carved on the external sides.

enamel

A decorative coating, usually colored, fused onto the surface of metal, glass, or ceramics.

escutcheon

An emblem bearing a coat of arms.

Eucharist

In Christianity, the partaking of the bread and wine, which believers hold to be either Christ himself or symbolic of him.

fibula (pl. fibulae)

A decorative pin, usually used to fasten garments.

folio

A page of a manuscript or book.

feudalism

The medieval political, social, and economic system held together by the relationship between landholding liege lords and the vassals who were granted tenure of a portion of their land and in turn swore allegiance to the liege lord.

grisaille

A monochrome painting done mainly in neutral grays to simulate sculpture.

Greek cross

A cross with four arms of equal length.

icon

A portrait or image; especially in Byzantine churches, a panel with a painting of sacred personages that are objects of veneration. In the visual arts, a painting, a piece of sculpture, or even a building regarded as an object of veneration.

iconoclasm

The destruction of images. In Byzantium, the period from 726 to 843 when there was an imperial ban on images. The destroyers of images were known as iconoclasts. Those who opposed such a ban were known as iconophiles.

iconoclast

In Byzantium, the period from 726 to 843 when there was an imperial ban on images. The destroyers of images were known as iconoclasts. Those who opposed such a ban were known as iconophiles.

iconostasis

In Byzantine churches, a screen or a partition, with doors and many tiers of icons, separating the sanctuary (chancel) from the main body of the church. Similar to the Chancel screen.

illuminated manuscript

A luxurious handmade book with painted illustrations and decorations.

liturgy (adj., liturgical)

The official ritual of public worship.

loculi

Openings in the walls of catacombs to receive the dead.

loggia

A gallery with an open arcade or a colonnade on one or both sides.

lostwax (cire perdue) process

A bronzecasting method in which a figure is modeled in wax and covered with clay; the whole is fired, melting away the wax (French, cire perdue) and hardening the clay, which then becomes a mold for molten metal.

lunette

A semicircular area (with the flat side down) in a wall over a door, niche, or window; also, a painting or relief with a semicircular frame.

mandorla

An almond-shaped nimbus surrounding the figure of Christ or other sacred figure.

Mass

The Catholic and Orthodox ritual in which believers understand that Christ's redeeming sacrifice on the cross is repeated when the priest consecrates the bread and wine in the Eucharist.

Messiah

The savior of the Jews prophesized in the Old Testament. Christians believe that Jesus of Nazareth was the Messiah.

modeling

In painting, drawing, or mosaic, the technique of creating the illusion of three- dimensionality by the use of gradations of value.

monastery

A group of buildings in which monks live together, set apart from the secular community of a town.

monastic

Relating to life in a monastery.

mosaic

Patterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces (tesserae) of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors; also, the technique of making such works.

narthex

A porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave.

nimbus

A halo or aureole appearing around the head of a holy figure to signify divinity.

orant

In Early Christian art, a figure with both arms raised in the ancient gesture of prayer.

Ottonian (adj.)

Pertaining to the empire of Otto I and his successors.

Pantokrator

Greek, "ruler of all." Jesus as ruler and judge. Byzantine iconography

parchment

Lambskin prepared as a surface for painting or writing.

paten

A large shallow bowl or plate for the bread used in the Eucharist.

pebble mosaic

A mosaic made of irregularly shaped stones of various colors.

pendentive

A concave, triangular section of a hemisphere, four of which provide the transition from a square area to the circular base of a covering dome. Although pendentives appear to be hanging (pendant) from the dome, they in fact support it.

Pentateuch

The first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures.

piazza

Italian, "plaza."

Pietà

A painted or sculpted representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of the dead Christ.

pointed arch

A narrow arch of pointed profile, in contrast to a semicircular arch.

prefiguration

In Early Christian art, the depiction of Old Testament persons and events as prophetic forerunners of Christ and New Testament events.

psalter

A book containing the Psalms.

radiating chapels

In medieval churches, chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transept.

relics

The body parts, clothing, or objects associated with a holy figure, such as the Buddha or Christ or a Christian saint.

reliquary

A container for keeping relics.

rib

A relatively slender, molded masonry arch that projects from a surface. In Gothic architecture, the ribs form the framework of the vaulting. A diagonal rib is one of the ribs that form the X of a groin vault. A transverse rib crosses the nave or aisle at a 90 degree angle.

Romanesque

Romanlike. A term used to describe the history, culture, and art of medieval western Europe from ca. 1050 to ca. 1200.

squinch

An architectural device used as a transition from a square to a polygonal or circular base for a dome. It may be composed of lintels, corbels, or arches.

templon

The columnar screen separating the sanctuary from the main body of a Byzantine church.