AP GOV CIVIL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES STUDYING (quiz 4)

AP GOV study for my 4th quiz

De facto segregation

Segregation by tradition

De jure segregation

Segregation by law

What amendments were signed into law after the Civil War in attempt to implement equality?

13th, 14th, 15th.

What did Jim Crow Laws/Black Codes do?

Forced segregation on African Americans, and also prevented African American men from voting.

Background of Plessy v. Ferguson?

Louisiana enacted a law the required segregated railway cars for black and whites. In 1892, Homer Adolph Plessy, who was seven-eighth white, took a seat in the ‘whites only’ car of a train, after he refused to move to the car for blacks, he was arrested.

Ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson?

The Court held that the state law is within constitutional boundaries. The justices based their decision on the separate but equal doctrine, citing that separate facilities for blacks and whites satisfied the 14th amendment as long as they were equal.

Background of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

African American had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. They argued that such segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

Ruling of Brown v. Board of Education of Education of Topeka

The Court held that “separate but equal” facilities are inherently unequal and violate the protections of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation(laws) passed by Congress prohibiting segregation of public facilities, as well as discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin; also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce these provision.

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US

The Court ruled that states must follow the Civil Rights Act of 1964 due to the commerce clause. If any part of your business originates outside of your state, you must follow the federal law.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law created due to the South limiting black people from voting using poll taxes, literacy tests, white primaries, and grandfather clauses.

Shelby v. Holder

Court case in 2013 that limited the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by not allowing government oversight over districts in the past that had disenfranchised Black voters as it was no longer needed.

List the Amendments that cleared the way for voting rights

• 15th - African American men

• 17th - Direct election of senators

• 19th - Women

• 23rd - Allowed those in DC to have electoral college votes

• 24th - Eliminated poll tax and literacy tests

• 26th - 18 year olds

What is the ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’?

A foundational document written by Martin Luther King Jr. It was an open letter to members of the clergy and was published all over the United States. Critiqued the idea that demonstrators should wait to pursue racial justice and it was immoral for protestors to break the law. King stated that ‘one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust law.’ Said ‘wait’ has always meant never.