prokaryotic
having cells that lack membrane-bound nuclei
eukaryotic
having cells with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei
Plasma Membrane
the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
ribosome
an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell
DNA
a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
nucleus
the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes
cytoplasm
the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism
organelle
a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ
chromatin
the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins
chromosome
a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
vesicle
a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure
Endoplasmic reticulum
the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell
smooth ER
synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids.
Rough ER
produces proteins that will become part of the endomembrane system, the plasma membrane or to be secreted
Golgi apparatus
a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion.
lysosome
an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells
Peroxisome
equester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling.
vacuole
a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell
chloroplast
plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments; in plants that carry out photosynthesis
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
Centrioles
organizes microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system.
cytoskeleton
a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
Microfilaments
generate the forces used in cellular contraction and basic cell movements
Intermediate filaments
create cell cohesion and prevent the acute fracture of epithelial cell sheets under tension.
Microtubules
regulating cell growth and movement as well as key signaling events, which modulate fundamental cellular processes.
cilia
moves water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia
flagella
enables movement\
nucleolus
a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; such organelles contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis
lipid bilayer
thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
Selective permeability
its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others
homeostasis
the ability for a cell to maintain stable conditions/independent conditions based on its enviorment
concentration gradient
a gradient in concentration of a solute as a function of distance through a solution(high to low)
diffusion
the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration
equilibrium
a stable situation in which forces cancel one another(are balanced)
osmosis
diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
aquaporin
(portions) form pores in membrane of biological cells
crenation
shrinking
isotonic
2 concentrations being equal(mainly preferred for animal cells)
hypertonic
in a state of abnormally high tension
hypotonic
lacking normal tone or tension(mainly preferred for plants)
passive transport
transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion; expenditure of energy is not required
facilitated diffusion
DOES NOT NEED energy to occur. helps proteins to pass through membrane
endocytosis
when the cell membrane stretches around to needed material(forms vacuoles)
exocytosis
vacuoles consisting of proteins/enzymes
phagocytosis
process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris
pinocytosis
process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid
tissue
a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
organ
a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans.
organ system
a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
Hooke
used microscope to examine thin slices of cork. -gave the the name "cells"
Von Leuwenhock
"father of microbiology" -made his own microscope -used single-lense microscope to examine pond
schwann
said "all animals are made of cells"
schleiden
said "all plants are made of cells"
virchow
all cells come from cells
Studied by 71 People